The Values Americans Live By by Robert Kohls Essay -- essays research

The Values Americans Live By by Robert Kohls In the article The Values Americans Live By by Robert Kohls, he states in the very first paragraph, â€Å"Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you, specifically, what the values are which Americans live by.† This statement is dead on when comparing America to almost any other country. In America there are so many different cultures because families from other countries are coming here in search of a better life. There is a very large diversity of cultures among Americans today. This makes it virtually impossible to have a definitive culture known as American culture. Most families come here to live but essentially still follow many of their cultures from their homeland although even these cultures can become somewhat Americanized. However Kohls does claim there are thirteen values in which most Americans live by.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first value that caught my interest was the value of change and how change is only seen as good in America. In America we are always craving a change for a better life. Nobody wants to work at McDonald’s their whole life just for the stability of a job. We want jobs that make more money so we can buy better cars and better houses. Americans always are seeking something new they always want to see if the grass is greener on the other side of the hill. This is why tradition and heritage are not a value of many Americans because most people can not stick to the same game plan day i...

An Outline of the Cell Theory

Chapter 2 IB Biology 2. 1 Cell Theory 2. 1. 1 Outline the cell theory (2). †¢All organisms are composed of one or more cells †¢Cells are the smallest units of life †¢All cells come from preexisting cells †¢TOK: cell theory replaces the former ideas of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis in which inanimate matter assembles itself into living forms †¢Exception: muscle cells- more than 1 nucleus, very long; (fungal cells) hyphae roots- not a single unit; protoctista- not specialized to single function; subcellular things like organelles 2. 1. Discuss the evidence for the cell theory (3). †¢Robert Hooke first described cells in 1665 while observing cork with a microscope he built. Coined the term â€Å"cell†Antoine van Leeuwenhoek observed the 1st living cells and referred to them as animalcules. â€Å"microscope† †¢In 1838, botanist Mathias Schleiden stated that plants are made of independent separate being called cells. Later, Theoder Schwann made a similar statement about animals. †¢The 2nd principle continues to gain support because we have not been able to find any living entity that is not made of at least one cell. Louis Pasteur in the 1860s performed experiments to support the last principle. After sterilizing chicken broth by boiling, Pasteur showed that living organisms would not ‘spontaneously’ reappear. â€Å"biogenesis† †¢Only after exposure to preexisting cells was life able to re-establish itself in the chicken broth. †¢Eukaryotes- mitosis; prokaryotes- binary fission; thus all cells have a common ancestor- original ancestral form 2. 1. 3State that unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life (1). †¢Functions include: Metabolism- chemical reactions that occur within an organism †¢Growth- may be limited but is always evident in some way †¢Reproduction- hereditary molecules that can be passed to offspring †¢Response- to environment is imperative to survival †¢Homeostasis- maintain a constant internal environment ex: temp †¢Nutrition- provide a source of compounds with many chemical bonds which can be broken to provide the organism with the NRG and the nutrients necessary to maintain life CHNOPS 2. 1. 4 Compare the relative sizes of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells, using the appropriate SI unit (3). Cells- 100 micrometers (plant) †¢Organelles- < 10 micrometers †¢Bacteria- 1 micrometer †¢Viruses- 100 nanometers†¢Membranes- 10 nanometers thick †¢Molecules- 1 nanometer †¢Animal cell- 10 micrometers †¢cm = 10-2 m †¢mm = 10-3 m †¢um = 10-6 m †¢nm = 10-9 m †¢A = 10-10 m 2. 1. 5 Calculate the linear magnification of drawings and the actual size of specimens in images of known magnification (2). †¢Magnification = size of image divided by the size of specimen †¢Magnification = measured length / scale ba r level †¢Actual size = measured length / magnification 2. 1. Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size (3). †¢In the cell, the rate of heat and waste production and rate of resource consumption are functions that depend of its volume. †¢Most of the chemical reactions occur in the interior of the cell and its size affects the rate of these reactions.†¢The surface of the cell, the membrane, controls what materials move in and out of the cell. †¢Cells with more surface are per unit volume are able to move materials in and out of the cell, for each unit volume of the cell. As the width of the object increases, the surface area also increases but at a much slower rate than the volume. †¢This means that a large cell has less surface area to bring in needed materials and to rid the cell of waste than a small cell. †¢Because of this, cells are limited to the size they can attain and still be able to carry ou t the functions of life. Large animals have more cells not larger ones. †¢A large surface area to volume ratio means the cell can act more efficiently: for every unit of volume that requires nutrients or produces waste, there is more membrane to serve it. But this is not always an advantage- cell can lose heat quickly.†¢As organisms grow, cells divide. 2 small cells are more efficient than one. †¢Alveoli in lungs maximize surface for gas exchange. 2. 1. 7 State that multicellular organisms show emergent properties (1). †¢Different things come together to make process †¢Cells-tissues-organs-etc. †¢Ability to reproduce themselves. Allows possibility of growth and for replacement of damaged or dead cells. 2. 1. 8 Explain that cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others (3). Start out as single cell that reproduces at a rapid rate then the resulting cells go through a dif ferentiation (different cells- different functions- to run an organism) process to produce all required cell types that are necessary for organism. †¢Every cell in a multicellular organism contains all the genes of that organism. However, the genes that are activated vary from cell to cell. †¢Differentiation- when we break something complex into its component pieces, they each appear to be simple. Combined, they can perform a whole new function.Cells within a multi cellular organism specialize their function. †¢Examples: muscles cells, cardiac cells †¢This differentiation process is the result of the expression of certain specific genes but not others †¢Genes allow for the production of all different cells in the organism †¢Each cell contains all the genetic info for the production of the complete organism †¢Each cell becomes a specific type of cell dependent of which DNA segment becomes active 2. 1. 9 State that stem cells retain the capacity to d ivide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways (1). Retain ability to divide and differentiate into various cell types †¢Embryonic stem cells retain the ability to form any type of cell in an organism and can even form a complete organism †¢When stem cells divide to form a specific type of tissue, they also produce some cells that remain as stem cells. This allows for the continual production of a particular type of tissue.†¢Pluripotent- give rise to any type of cell †¢Treating diseases? 2. 1. 10 Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells (2). †¢Replace differentiated cells lost due to injury Therapeutic cloning- implanted stem cells replace lost cells †¢Tissue- specific stem cells- these cells reside in certain tissue types and can only produce new cells of that particular tissue †¢For example, stem cells have been introduced to humans to replace the damaged bone marrow of some leukemia patients †¢Bone marrow transplants are one of the many therapeutic uses of stem cells. Stem cells found in the bone marrow give rise to the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in the body. These stem cells can be used in bone marrow transplants to treat people who have certain types of cancer.When a patient has cancer and is given high doses of chemotherapy, the chemotherapy kills the cancer cells but also the normal cells in the bone marrow. This means that the patient cannot produce blood cells. So before the patient is treated with chemotherapy, he or she can undergo a bone marrow harvest in which stem cells are removed from the bone marrow by using a needle which is inserted into the pelvis (hip bone). Alternatively, if stem cells cannot be used from the patient then they can be harvested from a matching donor.After the chemotherapy treatment the patient will have a bone marrow transplant in which the stem cells are transplanted back into the patient through a drip, usually via a vein in the chest or the arm. These transplanted stem cells will then find their way back to the bone marrow and start to produce healthy blood cells in the patient. Therefore the therapeutic use of stem cells in bone marrow transplants is very important as it allows some patients with cancer to undergo high chemotherapy treatment.Without this therapeutic use of stem cells, patients would only be able to take low doses of chemotherapy which could lower their chances of curing the disease. †¢Ethical issues- embryonic stem cells come from embryos obtained from labs doing IVF. involves death of embryo. 2. 2 Prokaryotic Cells 2. 2. 1 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an example of a prokaryote (1). †¢Plasmid is circular thing not on diagram. Refer to book. †¢Size of cell: 1-2 um †¢Absence of membrane bound organelles Prokaryote examples: (look at notes for pictures) †¢straight rod- Escherichia †¢Club shaped rod- corynebacterium â⠂¬ ¢Spore forming rods- bacillus †¢Coccus Staphylococcus 2. 2. 2 Annotate the diagram with the functions of each named structure. †¢Cell wall: Protects the cell from the outside environment and maintains the shape of the cell. It also prevents the cell from bursting if internal pressure rises. †¢Plasma membrane: Semi-permeable membrane that controls the substances moving into and out of the cell. It contains integral and peripheral proteins.Substances pass through by either active or passive transport. †¢Cytoplasm: Contains many enzymes used to catalyze chemical reactions of metabolism and it also contains the DNA in a region called the nucleoid. Ribosomes are also found in the cytoplasm. †¢Pili: Help bacteria adhere to each other for the exchange of genetic material. Involved in transfer of DNA in a process called conjugation (direct contact between bacterial cells in which plasma DNA is transferred between a donor and a recipient cell) †¢Flagella (s ingular flagellum): Made of a protein called flagellin.Helps bacteria move around (mobility) †¢Ribosomes: They are the site of protein synthesis. Contributes to protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA. free in cytoplasm (70s) †¢Nucleoid: Region containing DNA; involved with cell control and reproduction †¢Plasmid- small, circular DNA not connected to main chromosome; replicate independently of chromosomal DNA; not required by cell under normal conditions but it may help the cell adapt to unusual circumstances; normal to find at least one anti-biotic resistance gene within a plasmid †¢Slime capsule- sticky layer outside of cell wall, sticks cells together . 2. 3 Identify structures from 2. 2. 1 in electron micrographs of liver cells (2). 2. 2. 4 State that prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission (1). †¢Binary fission- simple division process in which DNA is copied and 2 daughter chromosomes become attached to different regions on plasma membrane and cell divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Process elongation of cell 2. 3 Eukaryotic Cells 2. 3.1 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of a liver cell as an example of an animal cell (1). . 3. 2 Annotate the diagram with the functions of each named structure. †¢Ribosomes: Found either floating free in the cytoplasm or attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in mitochondria and chloroplast. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis as they translate messenger RNA to produce proteins. †¢Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Can modify proteins to alter their function and/or destination. Synthesizes proteins to be excreted from the cell. Lysosome: catalyze the breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbs, fuse with old or damaged organelles so recycling can occur, breakdown of materials that are brought in by phagocytosis †¢Golgi apparatus: Receives proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and may further modify t hem. It also packages proteins before the protein is sent to it’s final destination which may be intracellular or extracellular. †¢Mitochondrion: Is responsible for aerobic respiration. Converts chemical energy into ATP using oxygen. †¢Nucleus: Contains the chromosomes and therefore the hereditary material.It is responsible for controlling the cell. Extra: †¢Smooth ER- production of membrane phospholipids can cellular lipids, production of sex hormones, detoxification of drugs in liver, storage of calcium ions needed for muscle contractions, transportation of lipid based compound, to aid in liver in releasing glucose into bloodstream when needed †¢Centrosome- a pair of centrioles at right angles; involved in assembling microtubules which are important in providing structure and allowing movement and cell division †¢Vacuole- storage organelle; store potential food to provide nutrition, metabolic wastes and toxins to be expelled, and ater; enables cells to have a higher surface area to volume ratios even at larger sizes; in plants, uptake of h2o provides rigidity 2. 3. 3 Identify structures from 2. 3. 1 in electron micrographs of liver cells (2). 2. 3. 4 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (3). Prokaryote Eukaryote DNA in a ring form without proteinDNA with proteins as chromosomes/chromatin DNA free in the cytoplasm- no nucleusDNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope No mitochondriamitochondria 70S ribosomes80S ribosomesNo internal compartmentalization to form organellesinternal compartmentalization present to form many types of organelles Size less than 10 micrometersSize more than 10 micrometers †¢also: unicellular vs. multicellular †¢no membrane bound organelles vs. membrane bound organelles †¢binary fission vs. mitosis †¢asexual reproduction vs. asexual and sexual reproduction †¢similarities: both cells have some sort of outside boundary that always involves a plasma membrane, both carry out all fun ctions of life, DNA is present in both . 3. 5 State 3 differences between plant and animal cells (1). Plant Animal Outer cell wall with a plasma membrane just insideOnly a plasma membrane Chloroplasts No chloroplasts Large centrally located vacuolesNo vacuoles/ or small ones Store carbs as starchStore carbs as glycogen Do not contain centrioles within a centrosome areaContain centrioles within a centrosome area Fixed, often angular, shape because of a rigid cell wallCell is flexible and more likely to be a rounded shape . 3. 6 Outline 2 roles of extracellular components (3).†¢The plant cell wall gives the cell a lot of strength and prevents it from bursting under high pressure as it is made up of cellulose arranged in groups called microfibrils. It gives the cell its shape, prevents excessive water up take by osmosis and is the reason why the whole plant can hold itself up against gravity. Prevents entry of pathogens. Allows turgor pressure/ high pressure to develop inside the cell. The animal cell contains glycoproteins in their extracellular matrix (ECM) which are involved in the support, movement and adhesion of the cell. Cell to cell interaction, strengthens plasma membrane, allows attachment between adjacent cells, directs stem cells to differentiate 2. 4. 1 Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of membranes (1). 2. 4. 2 Explain how the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of cell membranes (3). One area of membrane is water soluble and polar and is hydrophilic †¢The other area isn’t water soluble and is non polar- hydrophobic†¢These hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions cause phospholipids to always align as a bilayer if there is water present and there is a large number of phospholipid molecules †¢Membrane is flexible since fatty acid tail do not strongly attract one another †¢What maintains the overall structure of membrane is the tendency water has to form hydroge n bonds †¢In hydrophobic region (fatty acid tails) in animal cells these are cholesterol molecules- determine membrane fluidity (changes temp) †¢Proteins are embedded in fluid matrix of phospholipid bilayer (mosaic effect) †¢Integral proteins have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions in the same protein †¢Hydrophobic region (mid section of phospholipid membrane) holds protein in place †¢Hydrophilic region is exposed to water solutions on either side of membrane †¢Peripheral proteins do not protrude into the middle hydrophobic region but remain bound to the surface of the membrane 2.4. 3 List the functions of membrane proteins (1). †¢Hormone binding sites- have specific shapes that fit shape of specific hormone †¢Enzymatic action- catalyze chemical reactions †¢Cell adhesion- proteins hook together to form connections †¢Cell to cell communication- provide identification †¢Channels for passive transport- high to low concentrati on †¢Pumps for active transport- proteins shuttle a substance from one side of membrane to another by changing shape; ATP 2. 4. 4 Define osmosis and diffusion (1). †¢Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration (hypo-osmotic solution to hyperosmotic solution). †¢Facilitated diffusion- involves a membrane with specific carrier proteins that are capable of combining with the substance to and its movement 2. 4. 5 Explain passive transport across membranes by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion (3). †¢Simple diffusion- substances other than water move between phospholipids molecules or through proteins which possess channels †¢Facilitated diffusion- nonchannel protein carriers change shape to allow movement of substances other than water. No NRG.Polar molecules need help. †¢Substances that move passively across membrane are influenced by size and shape †¢Small substances and nonpolar move with ease; large, polar, or both do not †¢Channel proteins- create a hydrophilic pore in membrane through which small changed particles (ions) can diffuse into cell †¢Transport proteins- help move substances (glucose) into cell. Substrate binds to protein which carries molecules across membrane and releases it inside cell 2. 4. 6 Explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active transport across membranes (3). †¢Active transport involves the movement of substances through the membrane using NRG from ATP.The advantage of active transport is that substances can be moved against the gradient, meaning from low to high concentration †¢This is possible because the cell membrane has protein pumps embedded it which are used in active transport to move substances using ATP †¢E ach protein pump only transports certain substances so the cell can control what comes in and goes out †¢Transport or carrier proteins †¢Ex: Na +/ K + pump. Sodium moved out of cell, potassium moved in (important for nerve cells) 2. 4. 7 Explain how vesicles are used to transport materials within a cell between the rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane (3). †¢Materials are transmitted between rough ER, Golgi app, and plasma membrane †¢Nucleus contains chromosomes that contain genes for coding proteins.RNA passes from nucleus to cytoplasm †¢Rough ER contains ribosomes which make proteins intended for export †¢Protein goes into lumen of Golgi app for processing before it leaves through the cell surface membrane by exocytosis 2. 4. 8 Describe how the fluidity of the membrane allows it to change shape, break and reform during endocytosis and exocytosis (2). †¢The phospholipids in the cell membrane are not solid but are in a fluid state allowin g the membrane to change its shape and also vesicles to fuse with it. †¢This means substances can enter the cell via endocytosis and exit the cell via exocytosis. The membrane then returns to its original state. †¢In exocytosis the vesicles fuse with the membrane expelling their content outside the cell.The membrane then goes back to its original state. Endocytosis is a similar process which involves the pulling of the plasma membrane inward so that a vesicle is pinched off it and then this vesicle can carry its content anywhere in the cell. †¢Cell takes up substance by surrounding it with membrane, ATP †¢2 types: †¢pinocytosis (substance is liquid) †¢phagocytosis (substance is solid) †¢endocytosis and exocytosis- active transport that requires ATP; common in unicellular organisms Summary of processes: ATP requiredConcentration gradient DiffusionNoDown (high to low) Facilitated diffusionNoDown OsmosisNoDown Active transport with carrier proteinsYes Against is possible EndocytosisYesAgainst is possible 2. 5 Cell Division 2. 5. Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis, and cytokinesis (2). †¢The first stage of cell division is interphase which is divided into 3 phases; G1, S and G2. The cell cycle starts with G1 (Gap phase 1) during which the cell grows larger. This is followed by phase S (synthesis) during which the DNA is replicated. Finally, G2 (gap phase 2) is the second growth phase in which organelles increase in number, cell grows and preps for mitosis, DNA begins to condense form chromatin to chromosomes and microtubules begin to form. †¢? The fourth stage is mitosis, which is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.During mitosis the spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes and pull sister chromatids apart, providing the same genetic material to each of these locations. This stage separates the two daughter genomes. †¢Finally, cytokinesis is the last stage during which the cytoplasm divides to create two daughter cells. In animal cells the cell is pinched in two to form a cleavage furrow while plant cells form a plate between the dividing cells. 2. 5. 2 State that tumors (cancer) are the result of uncontrolled cell division and that these can occur in any organ or tissue (1). †¢Proto-oncogenes are genes that produce proteins, which stimulate growth (cell division). If mutation occurs, a tumor will form. Mutations: radiation, viruses, chemicals that are carcinogenic, EM radiation 2. 5.3 States that interphase is an active period in the life of a cell when many metabolic reactions occur, including protein synthesis, DNA replication, and an increase in the # of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts (1). 2. 5. 4 Describe the events that occur in the 4 phases of mitosis (2). †¢During prophase, chromatin becomes chromosomes, nuclear envelope disintegrates, the spindle microtubules begin to form, centrosomes move toward opposite poles of cell due to lengthening microtubules. Each chromosome consists of 2 identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere. During metaphase, the chromatids move to the equator and the spindle microtubules from each pole attach to each centromere on opposite sides. †¢During anaphase, the spindle microtubules pull the sister chromatids apart splitting the centromeres. This splits the sister chromatids into chromosomes. Each identical chromosome is pulled to opposite poles. Chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate and become unduplicated chromosome†¢During telophase, the spindle microtubules break down and the chromosomes uncoil and so are no longer individually visible. Also the nuclear membrane reforms. Chromosomes become chromatin (shapeless). Centrioles replicate in animal cells. The cell then divides by cytokinesis to form two daughter cells with identical genetic nuclei. 2. 5. Explain how mitosis produces 2 identical nuclei (3). †¢During proph ase, the chromosomes become visible. The nuclear envelope disintegrates and the spindle microtubules grow and extend from each pole to the equator. †¢At metaphase the chromatids move to the equator. The sister chromatids are two DNA molecules formed by DNA replication and are therefore identical.†¢These sister chromatids are then separated in anaphase as the spindle microtubules attaches to centromere and pulls the sister chromatids to opposite poles. As the sister chromatids separate they are called chromosomes. This means that each pole has the same chromosomes (same genetic material). Finally the microtubules break down, the chromosomes uncoil and the nuclear membrane reforms. The cell then divides into two daughter cells with genetically identical nuclei. †¢4 chromosomes in parent cell = 4 chromosomes in each daughter cell †¢duplicated chromosome with 2 strands connected by centromere and chromosome is 1 strand 2. 5. 6 State that growth, embryonic development , tissue repair, and asexual reproduction involve mitosis (1). †¢Growth- production of similar cells †¢Embryonic development- allows zygote to grow into multicellular organism †¢Tissue repair- wounds need identical replacement cells †¢Asexual reproduction- allows for a rapid and significant increase in number of individuals

The Great Gatsby Film and Novel Comparison Essay

The Great Gatsby: Film and Novel Comparison The Great Gatsby is a novel which critically discusses the ideals of the American Dream and recapturing the past. In the film adaptation, producer Jack Clayton stays very closely to the plot and even quotes the novel verbatim but fails to capture the essence of the themes portrayed in the novel. The text did not translate well into film; some facts are distorted, the depiction of the characters are different, the general ambience of certain settings do not match, and the movie is weighted towards the beginning of the book, with half of the movie based closely on the first two chapters of the book. Gatsby Gatsby’s character in the novel is very distinct from his portrayal in the film. In the†¦show more content†¦Aside from her high voice and sarcastic acting, there is not much difference from the novel. Myrtle In the book, Myrtle appeared to be gaudy, impulsive and arrogant. Generally, she was not well liked and was not particularly attractive. The actor responsible for Myrtle’s role seemed too tasteful and classy, not enough for the audience to dislike. Myrtle, in the novel, contrasted Daisy; Daisy was beautiful, elegant and mannerly. Myrtle, in the film, was almost similar to Daisy: beautiful, elegant and mannerly, but to a lesser degree. Gatsby’s Mansion Gatsby’s mansion seems more dull in the film than in the novel. In the book, his mansion is described as lavish and tasteful (though Gatsby himself is not tasteful, his mansion and its furnishings are). But in the film, his mansion is but a venue for parties – it is grandiose but lacks taste. This aids in accentuating the fact that Gatsby’s wealth does not satisfy him – his mansion seems grand and elegant from the outside but is tasteless from within; he is rich in material wealth but is empty and dissatisfied inside. 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Plato and the Cave Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Aristotle and Happiness Aristotle was very concerned with the examination of moral philosophy or ethics and relate it to his political perspective. In his composition entitled as Nicomachean Ethics, he discusses the mechanics to which one can be or is morally responsible along with a discussion on the nature of the virtues and vices involved in moral evaluation and the methods of achieving happiness in human life. Essentially, Aristotle concerned himself with the question of what does it take for an individual human being to be a good person. (Barnes, 1995; Lord, 1984) All individual beings act because it is what makes them happy even if it hurts other people. As such, some ethical standards regard an act which may be unethical as something good because it gives happiness to the person. Suffice it to say, we are guided in life by our natural preference for engaging in pleasant activities rather than in unpleasant ones which may turn out to be good. According to Aristotle, ethical living involves the pursuit of true happiness. This form of happiness is not the kind where it gives pleasure because this is incomplete. We will write a custom essay sample on Plato and the Cave or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Aristotle advocates contemplation as the highest form of happiness because pursuit of such would bring a person most near to divine blessedness while realizing all of the genuine human virtues as well. (Poe, 1965) With regards to the pursuit of happiness of civilized communities, such would be necessary for a life worth living. More importantly, however, is what for of happiness should be pursued. In line with Aristotle, happiness can be obtained by pursuit of virtues because only thru this can we be worry free. For example, when we steal something that we have been craving to have such as electronic device, we become worried about the repercussions of such actions. However, if we stay honest and true, we feel a sense of fulfillment engulfing us rather than troubling us. Aeneas on the Meaning of Devotion Devotion to duty was the defining and most remarkable aspect of the character Aeneas in Virgil’s The Aeneid. If we are to analyze why Aeneas never wavered in his trust in his destiny, we have to acknowledge that in the story, he was to found the city of Rome where other Trojan survivors were to build and start a new life once again. Knowing this, we can find the source of Aeneas persistent adherence to his destiny from his concern of the welfare of the collective and fraternal love. Love and loyalty was characteristic of Aeneas and other Trojans.

The Klu Klux Klan in America Essay - 2011 Words

The Klu Klux Klan was actually started in 1865 by six men in Pulaski, Tennessee and their white, hooded guise was meant to mock ghosts. The name came from the Greek word kuklos which means circle and the Scottish word clan. During its beginnings the Klan was thought to be a passing guerilla organization which would last only as long as â€Å"Northern carpetbaggers, illiterate Negros, and Southern renegades ruled the Southern states† (Secret Societies). By 1868 there were five-hundred and fifty thousand member of the Klan, also known as Palefaces, the White Brotherhood, the White League, Knights of the White Camellia. Forrest realized he was losing control of the Klan in 1869 and ordered disbandment, an order that was never followed. At one†¦show more content†¦The Anti-defamation league estimates that there are at least five-thousand members and associates of the Klan today. However, other evidence suggests that Klan chapters have actually decreased in numbers since 2006. The Klan’s chapters each have different headquarters in the state they represent according to Holthouse and Potok. The organization is structured in a hierarchy form with the territory also divided in a hierarchy structure. The South, the largest region, was called the Invisible Empire and ruled by the founder of the Klu Klux Klan, General Nathan Bedford Forrest. Forrest was the Grand Wizard and he had a staff of ten Genii. The next division of land was the states, Realms, which each had a Grand Dragon and eight Hydras. Every congressional district was a Dominion and is ruled by a Grand Titan and six Furies. Every county in the South is called a Province which is ruled by a Grand Giant and four Goblins. The smallest area of land, a Den, is every neighborhood overlooked by a Grand Cyclopes and two Night Hawks (Secret Societies). Another division of the Klu Klux Klan with a hierarchy structure is the Knights Party, the non-violent political portion. This hierarchy works w ith local community divisions following the commands of their headquarters, if there is no local division available then the individuals can work right with theShow MoreRelatedExplore the Reasons for the Resurgence of the Klu Klux Klan in 1920s America1535 Words   |  7 PagesExplore the reasons for the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan movement in 1920s America and the political changes it caused. In the 1920s North America experienced a huge rise in immigrants from black, Hispanic and Jewish backgrounds. For the most part they settled in slums, took on poorly paid work and lived lives far removed from most white middle class families. Many traditional northern and southern white Americans were uneasy with this sudden influx and it helped create social tension, particularlyRead MoreTaking a Look at the Ku Klux Klan636 Words   |  3 PagesThe Klu Klux Klan developed during the Reconstruction period of the United States, after the Civil War(â€Å"Ku Klux Klan†). The organization assembled as a group to intimidate newly freed slaves in the south. They focused on their anger on the government that was supporting African American rights during the â€Å"Birth of the Nation.† The only race that was presented the opportunity to join the organization was WASPs, White Anglo-Saxon Protestants(â€Å"The KKK†). The group included mayors, judges, sheriffsRead Mor eThe Great War Was Not A White Man s War1141 Words   |  5 Pagesthis was not the case. Minorities experienced the twenties much differently than those who remember the decade as exciting. For instance, aboriginal people were expected to give up their cultures and assimilate into mainstream society. Also, the Klu Klux Klan had made its way to Canada, which threatened immigrants and people from foreign ethnicities. Finally, women spent the decade struggling for equality with men. The roaring twenties may not have been as liberating as they seem. To begin, aboriginalRead MoreAfrican American Oppression Following The Civil War875 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans inferior (Black). The Klu Klux Klan was a vigilante group that had similar goals to the Black Codes (Bryant). Following the Civil War, many confederate veterans made up vigilante groups whose objective was to rob and intimidate freed slaves (Klu). The Klu Klux Klan, also known as the KKK, was a group who was the primary oppressor against African Americans. They wore white robes and sheets in order to not be identified by their victims or other potential witnesses (Klu). Their victims includedRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties Essay example679 Words   |  3 Pagescommon sight on the streets of America. In the Twenties, Jazz was becoming very popular. Americans sang and danced to all of their favourite songs. With jazz becoming big, Americans veered away from traditional song and began exploring other types of music such as the blues. 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This intentional prejudice is done on a somewhat personal basis from the store owner to the applicant. Another example would be the lynchings of blacks by members of the Klu Klux Klan. The Klu Klux Klan is a movement that supports white supremacy and often advocates through terrorism. White members of the Klu Klux Klan would attack and hang blacks in the United States at random. Although members of the Klu Klux Klan may not have known their victim’sRead More Klu Klux Klan Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesKlu Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan was a brutal, suppressive cult organization which fought to deny the basic civil rights and human liberties granted to citizens of the U.S. by the Bill of Rights to African-Americans, immigrants, Roman-Catholics, Jews, socialists, communists, and anyone else who went against its beliefs or interfered in its work. The Klan was first established in Pulaski, Tennessee in May 1866 by Nathan Forrest, just two years after the end of the Civil War. Some white southernersRead MoreKu Klan And Ku Klux Klan1359 Words   |  6 PagesKu Klux Klan 2 Abstract The Ku Klux Klan was formed in Tennessee during December, 1865. They were originally made by former confederate soldiers to keep balance in society. After their job was done they went years without being heard of again. This time they grew in popularity and used their power to intimidate others to get their way. They killed and harassed many people. After years of destruction beginning from the late 1800’s all the way through mid 1900’s, they lost their power. ThereRead MoreEssay on Life in the 1920s1077 Words   |  5 Pagesthe house warm and cook their meals. To supply for their family family, the head of the house would have to spend many hours a day cutting down wood because they did not have electricity yet. (America in the 1920s) During the 1920s, farmers were in debt. During WWI, Europeans bought farm products from America which raised prices and gave American farmers a large profit. The American farmers borrowed money to buy land and tractors and planned to pay off loans from their increased profit. After WWI

Consumers For Avoiding Severe Consequences -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Consumers For Avoiding Severe Consequences? Answer: Introduction: Generally, business uses the advertisement mode for the purpose of introducing and promoting their goods and services. These advertisements are published through various modes such as radio, television, newspaper, print media, etc. It is necessary for business to compile with all the laws and provisions of the Act while publishing the advertisement. Australian Consumer Law is the laws which protects the interest of the consumer in the Australia, and also ensure fair dealings. It must be noted that ACL is the part of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010. This essay states the important laws and provisions which must be followed by business while advertising their goods and services. Subsequently, essay is concluded with brief conclusion. Discussion: Now a day, advertising and selling practices are conducted by the business rapidly and these practices not only occurred through above stated modes only. Now, these practices are occurred in online environment also such as through E-mail, online sites, apps, social media, etc. It must be noted that those business which operations their functions through online modes are fall under similar laws. In other words, these businesses possess same rights and obligations which are possessed by traditional stores and business. Therefore, it is necessary that business must ensure that their practices are compiled with the laws. Chapter 2 and 3 of the ACL deals with the conduct of the business related to commercial matters which give another party wrong impression and idea about the actual situation. It must be noted that these chapters also deal with the advertisements published by the business[1]. Misleading and deceptive conduct false representation: Section 18 and 29 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Schedule 2, deals with misleading and deceptive conduct or false representation. These sections of ACL prohibit the business from engaging in any such conduct which[2]: Mislead or deceive any other person. Likely to mislead or deceive the consumers who are entering into commercial contract with business. Business can engage in this type of conduct through personal discussions and negotiations, print advertisement, or through any other mode of communication[3]. Numbers of cases are considered by Court for the purpose of determining the actual meaning of misleading and deceiving conduct. Generally, court focus on mislead and in practice this term is much broader. Those consumers who mislead are also falls under the definition of deceived. Therefore, misleading conduct includes following conduct and behavior of business: Making false and wrong claims through advertisement. Consumers rely on those advertisements and enter into contract with the business. Advertisements do not state important information related to the product or service. Advertisements create false impressions on the consumers. However, it is very easy to identify the conduct which misleads others, but conduct which likely to mislead is difficult to identify. It is necessary for Court to determine whether subject matter in the case communicates wrong information or create false impression on another person. This question is answered by court after considering all the circumstances of the case but Court does not consider the business intention while deciding this question. As per the provisions of section 18 and 29, business must not conduct any such practice which is misleading. In other words, business must act in good faith and engaged in fair dealings with their consumers. These sections mainly promote best practices of the business. Business must ensure that goods and services should be selling on the basis of their merit and not by adopting any unfair approach. This principle is applied on the matters related with commercial dealings. This can be understood through case law Australian Competition and Consumer Commission V TPG Internet Pty Ltd[4]. In this case, TPG conduct two advertisement campaigns which include initial advertisement and revised advertisement after receiving 87B undertaking from ACCC related to the initial advertisement. These advertisement campaigns are conducted from the 25 September 2010 to 29 November 2011. Numbers of media streams are involved by this advertisement such as television, radio, etc , for the purpose of promoting new scheme of TPG related to internet services. As per this scheme TPG offer unlimited internet services for $ 29.99 only and this scheme was named as ADSL2+ broadband internet plan. In reality, company charged hidden cost from their consumers which include $30 per month for bundling and 149.99 as setup fee. Information related to these costs was not stated in the advertisement and only single price that was $29.99 was reflected in the advertisement. In this case, ASIC filed application against the TPG for engaging in misleading and deceptive conduct through advertisement in the Federal Court and ASIC succeeded in their application. Later, TPG file successful appeal against the decision of Federal Court in Full Federal Court. Decision of the full Federal court was set aside by the High Court on the basis that Full finance Court fails to apply correct principles in this case. High court stated that advertisement is misleading and deceptive because it provides false representation to the consumers. Therefore, Court held that conduct of TPG was misleading and deceptive under section 18 and 29 of the ACL[5]. Conclusion: Section 18 and 29 of the ACL deals with the misleading and deceptive conduct related to the advertisement, and provisions of these sections prohibit the conduct of business which result in mislead and deceptive conduct. Therefore, organizations must ensure fair dealings with their consumers for avoiding severe consequences. References ACL, Agreement, https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-agreement.html, accessed on 19th September 2017. Federal Court of Australia, (2012). TPG Internet Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2012] FCAFC 190 (20 December 2012), https://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/FCAFC/2012/190.html, accessed on 19th September 2017. ACCC, Accounting and selling guide, https://www.accc.gov.au/accc-book/printer-friendly/29527, Accessed on 19th September 2017. Battersby, M. (2013). Advertising and the ACL: Fine print couldn't save TPG Internet in the High Court, https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2013/december/advertising-and-the-acl-fine-print-couldn-t-save-tpg-internet-in-the-high-court, accessed on 19th September 2017. Austlii, Paterson, Jeannie Marie --- "The New Consumer Guarantee Law and the Reasons for Replacing the Regime of Statutory Implied Terms in Consumer Transactions" [2011] MelbULawRw 8; (2011) 35(1) Melbourne University Law Review 252, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MelbULawRw/2011/8.html, accessed on 19th Septembe [1] ACCC, Advertising and selling guide, https://www.accc.gov.au/accc-book/printer-friendly/29527, Accessed on 19th September 2017. [2] Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Schedule 2- Section 18. [3] Competition and Consumer Act 2010- Schedule 2- Section 29. [4] Federal Court of Australia, (2012). TPG Internet Pty Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2012] Management (20 December 2012), https://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/FCAFC/2012/190.html, accessed on 19th September 2017. [5] Battersby, M. (2013). Advertising and the ACL: Fine print couldn't save TPG Internet in the High Court, https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2013/december/advertising-and-the-acl-fine-print-couldn-t-save-tpg-internet-in-the-high-court, accessed on 19th September 2017

Relationship Between Inventory Control System free essay sample

This duty has to be done closely with the project finance manager who holds the project fund. His duty is to give information to procurement officer of the fund available for procurement and priorities as provided by the budget. He has also the responsibility of insuring that procurement law and procedures has been properly followed An inventory system provides the organizational structure and the operating policies for maintaining and controlling goods to be stocked. The system is responsible for ordering and receipt of goods then issuing to users. 1. Statement of the problem The project procurement officer has the duty to insure that supplies are available all the time they are needed . Most of the supplies needed consist of stationeries, cartridges, Computers and its accessories, field equipments and tools. It is important that these are obtained on time when needed by staff at the same time the procurement officer should observe the budget and avoid tying a lot of money in stock. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Inventory Control System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Managing stock effectively is important for any business, because without enough stock, production and services will slow down . 2 Research questions This study aim to answer the following questions I. What are the purposes of inventory? II, what are the inventory costs? III. What are the purposes of inventory? IV. What is the good inventory system? The costs associated with maintaining the system needed to track orders are also included in ordering costs. 2. 2. 4 Storage costs When the stock of an item is depleted, an order for that item must either wait until the stock is replenished or be cancelled. There is a tradeoff between carrying stock to satisfy the demand and the cost resulting from stock out. This balance is sometimes difficult to obtain, because it may not be possible to estimate lost profit, the effect of lost customers or lateness penalties 2. 3 Purposes of Inventory. To maintain independence of operation. A supply of materials at work center allows that center flexibility in operation. To meet variation of product demand, if the demand is known precisely it may be possible to produce the product to exactly meet the demand. Usually, however the demand is not completely known and a safe or buffer stock must be maintained to absorb variation. To allow flexibility in production scheduling, a stock of inventory relieves the pressure on the production system to get the goods out. This causes the longer lead time, which permit production planning for smoother flow and lower cost operation through longer lot size production. To provide safeguard for variation in raw materials delivery time. , When materials are ordered from vendor ,delay can occur for variety of reasons such as normal variation in shipping time, a shortage of materials at vendor’s plant, lost of order , shipment of incorrect or defective material. Other purposes includes to hedge against price increases, to permit operations and take advantage of quantity discounts Stock levels Minimum stock/Buffer stock This is the stock level which the organisation should not fall below it. Maximum stock This is the stock level which the organisation reaches immediately after the receipt of new stock. Reorder level This is the stock level where a placing of new order is necessesary Economic order quantity CHAPTER 3 Research methodology The study was conducted in Wildlife conservation society (WCS), the primary source of data was obtained through questionnaire and interview. By using questionnaire, the study involved a sample of six staff in each department to get their response on the subject matter. The organization has two tree department namely finance and administration, research and education. By using interview, employees were asked questions to assess the relationship between customer services and inventory management System. CHAPTER 4 Research findings There is a strong relation ship between customer services and inventory management system. When employees get what they need on time it contributes positively on their altitude towards the organization. It increases the feeling that the organization values their input to the organization. The inventory management system contributes in improving the performance and working morale of the WCS – SHCP staff.