A relevant furniture piece or other interior design element in the Assignment

An important furniture piece or other inside structure component in the Regency and Revival period (1810-1860) - Assignment Example Furniture during the Gothic Revival time frame were made to fit the most elevated class and with thought for use by the wealthiest as obvious in the uality of the seat and the tender loving care in the plan of the seat. Gothic Revival Furniture were essential to the Regency and Revival period since it offered a change from the Neoclassic style that had won for quite a while and that it was inside the period when creators utilized more seasoned plans as motivation. The impact was a restoration of more established structures from the twelfth century (Siegel, 43). The other significance of the Gothic Revival Furniture is the virtue of geometric structures and compelling plans it confirm, and they were planned with splendid components. The Gothic Revival Furniture took into consideration the rise of ornamentation, bending structures, and complex plan (Nielson, 355). The significance of the Gothic Revival Furniture to the recovery time frame incorporate that it brought about the large scale manufacturing of seats by Lambert Hitchcock (1795-1852) and Henry Belter (1804-1863) presented wood bowing i9n his processing plant making seat making simpler and better (Sheumaker and Shirley,

Ecstasy: A Drug That Can Kill :: Illegal Drugs Essays

Euphoria: A Drug That Can Kill missing works refered to Three years prior, Mark*, presently a school junior, went to a Dave Mathews show in Boston with a couple of companions. He was 18 at that point, and about a half-hour before the show began, they all chose to take a pill of the medication Ecstasy. This was Mark’s first time taking the medication, so he didn’t completely realize what's in store. They picked what is known as the â€Å"speedy† type, ordinarily utilized at raves and gatherings instead of the â€Å"dopey† type, which is known to give to a greater extent a moderate, loosening up feeling. â€Å"Seriously, you get this warm fluffy groping that runs your back, and an inclination that everything in life is correct. Your jaw starts to grasp and you love biting on stuff†¦gum, straws, candy,† he said. The emotions that Mark experienced are run of the mill impacts of the medication. His most serious emotions endured around three hours, and the general sentiment of the medication stayed for around six to seven hours. However the sentiments of happiness unexpectedly finished when he arose the following day. â€Å"The following day was the most horrendous day of my life,† he said. â€Å"All the satisfaction that was activated in your cerebrum is depleted and you’re left with nothing.† More than 8,000,000 individuals matured 12 and more established revealed utilizing the â€Å"club† sedate happiness at any rate once in the course of their life, as indicated by the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), a data source on the results, examples, and predominance of liquor, tobacco, and unlawful medication use and maltreatment in the general U.S. populace, age 12 and more established. Methylenedioxymethamephetamine (MDMA), generally known as euphoria, is a manufactured psychoactive medication utilized for its thrilled and psychedelic causes. Officially used to help psychotherapy during the 1970s, it is presently prohibited in the United States. Albeit illicit, it is quickly ascending in ubiquity in the United States, especially among adolescents and youthful grown-ups. Taken orally in a tablet or case, grunted, or infused, it for the most part takes 30 to 40 minutes to produce results and keeps going around three to six hours, albeit some reactions can happen a long time in the wake of taking the medication. Ecstasy’s mental reactions incorporate disarray, misery, rest issues, nervousness, and distrustfulness. Like Prozac, it causes a rise in serotonin, a compound in the mind which triggers glad emotions in individuals. Some physical symptoms are muscle pressure, teeth grasping, queasiness, obscured vision, chills, or perspiring.

Studying Essay Topics For College

Studying Essay Topics For CollegeIf you're trying to find your Chicago essay topics for college and are looking for topics you can use that won't limit you to certain topics, you should consider the possibilities of going to Chicago. If you are interested in applying to a prestigious school like Harvard, there are some things you can do in order to maximize your essay choices.One of the first things you can do is to ask your Chicago high school teacher for some helpful advice for your college essay. He or she might have some valuable suggestions that will make your essay's easier to write. If they don't, make sure to search for someone else who has applied to the school, preferably someone with a similar writing style.The best approach if you know how to write essays is to get a list of what essays are commonly required for admission. This will be the basis for your essay choices, and you should consider taking these suggestions as a starting point. Take the one that you agree with, without necessarily accepting it as an original topic.The next step is to take some time to get some help writing your essay. While you may think you are well-suited for the position, it doesn't hurt to ask for help from others who are in the same situation as you. You will learn a lot from getting help from someone who isn't you and who has been there before. He or she can offer excellent advice as to how to write an essay about what interests you the most.When you're ready to begin thinking about your essay topics, you will need to consider some of the guidelines that are presented by admissions officers. At the same time, it's important that you try to come up with topics on your own without worrying about the admissions committee. This is a good way to ensure that you have found something that will be able to satisfy both of you and not restrict you to some sort of subject that is completely unappealing.One thing you will need to consider when you start researching your essay to pics is the requirement for the specific type of education you wish to pursue. The admissions officer is going to want to see that you can write coherently and not simply list all of the important topics you'll need to cover in your essay. Therefore, think about which topics are more important to you based on your academic goals.If you have recently graduated from college with a graduate degree, you may want to concentrate on topics that pertain to areas of study in the field you're pursuing. However, if you are a student that is in the process of obtaining a master's degree, you may want to write about subjects that interest you and that will give you more opportunities for employment in the future. It's also a good idea to write about the things that you love, because the more interesting your essay topics are, the more likely they are to be read by the admissions committee.Remember that while some Chicago former students find themselves unprepared for the process, this can be an opportunity to enhance their writing skills. You shouldn't focus on trying to memorize some great past work, but rather to get into the details. By writing about topics that you are passionate about, you will be providing a valuable piece of information to the admissions committee, and it will be something that they will remember for a long time.

Bootlegging and Al Capone Essay - 1895 Words

BOOTLEGGING In 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment was passed, this amendment made the consumption and sell of alcohol illegal. A group of people referred to as â€Å"moral reformers† felt that banning the sell and consumption of alcohol would better protect the lives of people as well as make them better (Rose). Businesses, such as industrial businesses, believed that it would better productivity if the workers could remain sober. The Volsted Act was passed shortly after the Eighteenth Amendment to make sure it was enforced since local authorities did not do such; there were only fifteen hundred agents to enforce the law and the act was also underfunded. Therefore, the Prohibition was not enforced well enough and the organized crime rates†¦show more content†¦Rich and poor people opposed the Prohibition and Capone felt that he was, â€Å"†¦supplying a public demand. If (he) (broke) the law, (his) customers†¦some of the best people in Chicago, (were) as guilty a s (he) (was).† –Alphonse Capone (Encyclopedia of World Biography). Capone saw nothing wrong with bootlegging and he often expressed it and showed his opposition towards the Prohibition Act. He stated that, â€Å"Prohibition (had) made nothing but trouble†. He is basically saying that he is not the problem with the crime in Chicago but the government is, for enforcing the law. He also expressed how, â€Å"When (he) sell(s) liquor, it is bootlegging; when (his) patrons serve it on Lake Shore Drive, it is called hospitality.† Now he is saying how he feels the government is discriminating against how alcohol is distributed. Capone is a criminal who’s trying to put reason behind his illegal actions (BrainyQuote). MURDER Al Capone was notorious for his bootlegging and annihilating his competition; in order to do that, he had to kill them. Before Capone became the big time bootlegger/ murderer/ assassination coordinator, he had already taken a couple of lives. Capone had begun working for Torrio as an enforcer, bouncer, and bartender; he was in a bar fight that got him his scar and his nickname â€Å"Scarface†. Shortly after this incident, in 1919, in New York he was arrested because there were suspicions that heShow MoreRelatedEssay On Al Capone1271 Words   |  6 PagesAl Capone was a highly known gangster in the 1920s Alphonse Capone born in Brooklyn, New York to a poor US immigrant couple, Gabriele and Teresina Capone, seeking a better opportunity for their then big family of eight children. He was known for running many lucrative illegal businesses that included alcohol bootlegging, gambling, prostitution, and protection. Al Capone was so notorious that he would murder those who got in h is way. With little prosecution of his actions, Al Capone believed his selfRead MoreBootlegging1172 Words   |  5 PagesA.J. D’Angelo Ms. Roach Classics in American Literature 20 April 2011 Bootlegging â€Å"The more taboos and inhibitions there are in the world, the poorer people become†¦ The more articulate the laws and ordinances, the more robbers and thieves arise† (qtd. in â€Å"Rumrunning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The 1920’s in American History was an extraordinary time period due to the extreme prosperity of the people who lived in it. The lust for bigger and better conveniences was developed and led people to want easy money. AfterRead MoreGet Capone: the Rise and Fall of America’s Most Wanted Gangster1696 Words   |  7 PagesGet Capone: The Rise and Fall of America’s Most Wanted Gangster Al Capone. Everyone is bound to hear the name at least once in his or her life. The charming, broad smile, the greenish gray eyes, heavy set, and five foot ten and a half; a seemingly normal man. Until someone notices the scars. A faded purple, still fresh looking, Al Capone’s scars marred the normal face, they gave a glance into the life of the notorious gangster. But who was Mr. Alphonse â€Å"Scarface† Capone? One reporter comments,Read MoreEssay about al capone1573 Words   |  7 Pagescrime came to a rise in the 1920’s. And in the high ranks of organized crime was Al Capone. Al Capone ran many illegal businesses including bootlegging, gambling, prostitution, and murders. There were many gangs in the world of organized crime and Al Capone’s was at the top. Al Capone was the most infamous gangster in the 1920’s. Being a big time gangster was big business. Money was made fast and very easily. Bootlegging alcohol was by far the most profitable in the 1920’s, this was because of theRead MoreProhibition was the Time to be a Criminal in America999 Words   |  4 Pagesnoteworthy criminal during this time was Al Capone, in Chicago, he bribed government officials, ran bootlegging rackets, prostitution, and gambling dens. Al Capone didnt become a criminal overnight, at a young age he dropped out of school and was welcomed into the local gang. (Federal Bureau of investigation) This is where he meet the gang leader, Johnny Torrio, Capone would later join him in chicago to help with bootlegging . 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Prohibition in Chicago was huge, many people wanted to go out for a drink and have a good time after work but the 18th amendment said otherwise. Capone thought he could take this situation into his own hands by bootlegging beer and liquor throughout Chicago, but other gangs such as Moran’s wantedRead MoreEssay about The Notorious Al Capone140 6 Words   |  6 Pagessome of the most notorious minds and of these included the most well-known, Al Capone. Capone began to take over the Chicago area in 1925 as a young bartender and eventually controlling the criminal network. From bootlegging and racketeering, Al Capone became one of the most influential gangsters in history with control over the judicial and political powers that would soon come to an end as quickly as it started. Capone saw the prohibition movement coming and acted on it with a business mind. HeRead More Al Capone and Probation Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pages Al Capone is the single greatest symbol of collapse of law and order in the United States during the Prohibition Era. The act of Prohibition brought power to Al Capone, which he used to expand his organized crime activities into a stranglehold over the city of Chicago. Liquor trade became very profitable during Prohibition, and the struggle for control over the bootleg empire erupted into a full-scale war between rival gangs in Chicago. Capone gradually came to symbolize all the criminal evils ofRead MoreEssay on Alphonse Scarface Capone762 Words   |  4 Pagesamp;#8220;Scarface; Capone BACKGROUND INFORMATIONnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alphonse Capone was born on January 17, 1899. He grew up in rough neighborhood in Brooklyn, NY where he would attend school only up to the sixth grade, when dropped out. Capone got his nickname amp;#8220;Scarface; from a knife attack by the brother of a woman whom Capone had insulted. The attack left him with three scars across his face and a new nickname. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Capone joined

Usefulness Of Value At Risk And Basel Frameworks Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3133 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction In order to understand the usefulness of VaR and other risk metrics for the setting of capital adequacy requirements it is useful to compare various measures used by financial institutions and legislative statutes of the Basel Frameworks. Traditional approaches to banking regulation emphasises the understanding that the existence of capital adequacy plays a central role in the long term financing and solvency positions of banks, especially in helping the banks to avoid bankruptcies and their negative externalities on the financial system (Dewaitpont and Tirole 1994) The notion of liquidity must be well defined unfortunately the word, liquidity has so many facets that it is often counter-productive to use it without further and closer definition (Goodhart 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Usefulness Of Value At Risk And Basel Frameworks Finance Essay" essay for you Create order However; in the context of liquidity risk management, a banks liquidity can be defined as the ability to fund increases in assets and to finance obligations as they fall due. Therefore liquidity refers to the risk resulting (Nier 2005) from a financial institutions failure to pay its debts and obligations when due because of its inability to convert assets into cash readily. Moreover, liquidity risk also refers to the inability to procure sufficient funds due to high costs of liquidity transformation that may affect the financial institutions revenues and capital funding either now or in the future. The main objective of liquidity management is to ensure adequate liquidity in all circumstances so that banks have the ability to meet its cash flow obligations. Since maturity transformation of short-term deposits into long term loans is one of the banks fundamental roles banks are therefore inherently vulnerable to liquidity risk stemming from both an institutional-specific nature and a contagion effect which has the ability to cause a ripple effect throughout global markets. 2. Liquidity Management Several areas are of concern in the context of liquidity risk management, (Nier 2005) firstly data may be scarce and lacking in quality and historical data is not necessarily an accurate predictive agent; thus data may not be a reliable proxy for stress testing. Sound liquidity management for both short term and long run purposes is an integral component of a banks contingency funding plan that would aid banks in the event of a financial crisis. Fundamentally, liquidity risk measurement comprises four measurement systems (i) use of ratio analysis (Dowd 2002) where the applications of ratios are developed to measure various components of a banks balance sheet. Such ratios include the minimum liquid asset (MLA), the capital asset ratio (CAR) and the minimum cash balance (MCB). In addition a banks liquidity position needs to be monitored with the application of these ratios both on-balance-sheet and off-balance-sheet terms (ii) Cash flow measures; where a projection of cash flows base d on both supply and demand for liquidity exists under normal market conditions. The recent global financial crisis has highlighted the importance of adequate liquidity of banks coupled with five key features relating to financial regulation and (Cross 2010) supervision; systematic risk, pro-cyclicality, regulatory arbitrage and transparency. The inadequate regulation and supervision of banks globally has prompted regulators to review current liquidity requirements and statute in order to mitigate liquidity risk and prevent future crises from recurring. The existing approach to capital regulation in the US and E.U is based on Basel I and Basel II and has been identified by regulators and commentators as one of the key factors contributing to the financial crisis. However, Basel I and Basel II focused on capital only, with no internationally agreed (Moodys 2011) quantitative standard for liquidity. In December 2010 the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision published the final for m of a set of reforms to strengthen liquidity risk management by international active banks (the 2010 Liquidity Paper). The liquidity paper is intended to address concerns highlighted in the Economic crisis, where a lack of liquidity and inadequate liquidity risk management operated together to amplify difficulties caused by credit losses and due to the interconnectedness of markets affected all (Moodys 2011) markets with subsequent dire consequences. The Basel iii revises proposals set out in the initial framework for improving liquidity risk management and controlling liquidity risk exposures set out in the Committee paper adopted in September 2008. 3. The Basel Accord and Ratios Whilst the problem of solvency was at the core of the financial crisis between 2007- 2009, it demonstrated that illiquidity can amplify the depth of such a crisis. A bank can face impending illiquidity of two kinds: (i) Market Illiquidity which occurs when banks cannot sell assets without realising large losses and (ii) Funding liquidity when banks that rely on short-term funding cannot refinance long maturity assets (ESFRC 2011). If banks hold enough highly liquid assets and do not place heavy reliance on short-term funding, the contagious effects of capital deficit will be lessened. Market discipline cannot be relied upon to resolve this externally; it however could be addressed by increasing capital requirements. However, the costs to the banking system would be reduced by employing liquidity requirements along with less stringent capital requirements. The Basel Committee has evoked two requirements that must be satisfied by banks regarding maturity transformation. The liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) is designed to promote short term liquidity resilience which compares the stock of high quality liquid assets held by a bank to its net cash outflows (Moodys 2011) during a hypothetical 30-day severe stress scenario. The liquidity ratio will be set at a minimum of 100%, requiring high calibre liquid assets to fully cover the net cash outflows in such a scenario, and the liquidity coverage ratio must be maintained at all times. The Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) refers to a ratio between availability of stable funding relative to the need created by long-term assets. The NSFR limits the degree of maturity transformation of banks, and therefore enhances funding liquidity. 4. Weaknesses of Basel Accord Standards Both sets of ratios are based on a complex set of weighing factors, which could be specified in a simpler manor. Instead of a variety of weighted factors, liquidity requirements could be in the form of a minimum ratio of cash and other highly liquid and riskless assets to total (ESFRC 2011) assets instead of the LCR and a simple measure of maturity mismatch instead of the NSFR. These requirements should be applicable under normal economic conditions; however in a period of a weak economic climate could these conditions be relaxed. Basel iii definition of high quality liquid assets in the context of the LCR ratio consist of cash and high quality government debt plus discounted proportions of high quality corporate and covered bonds. There is a risk that the high quality assets standard is too conservative to the end that it could create a shortage of liquid assets or significant concentration risks (Ref). Thus it is more restrictive than the standards central banks typically mainta in for collateral eligibility under the liquid facilities that serve as a key area to the banking system. Basel iii new liquidity standards should be an addition to firm level risk management and micro-prudential regulation, if combined with micro-prudential regulation and improved supervision. By raising liquidity buffers and reducing mismatches the new standards will indirectly address systemic liquidity risk as it will reduce possibility that banks will have a simultaneous requirement for liquidity. However policymakers will need to ensure that the weights and factors in the calibration of such ratios do not fully restrict banks (ESRFC 2003) in their ability to undertake maturity transformation or in the ability of money markets to act as a buffer for the financial institutions to manage their short term liquidity needs. If the standardization is too restrictive it may encourage migration of some banking activities into less regulated practices including towards shadow banks t hus potentially accentuating rather than alleviating systemic risk. The Basel iii standards could therefore extend the quantitative liquidity requirements to less regulated institutions. A framework that is too rigid may force banks to take risks to reach compliance, resulting in a high correlation amongst particular assets and concentrations in some of them. Consequently, the LCR ratio may inevitably tip towards high holdings in eligible liquid assets that could effectively reduce liquidity during a systemic crisis. Also, by applying unvarying quantitative standards across countries may not be suitable as a number of countries may not have the markets to extend term funding for banks given the absence of a bond market in a domestic currency, which would accordingly require banks to be subject to exchange rate risks. An analysis on the NSFR by (OECD 2010) finds that the ratio would not have indicated problems in the banks that ultimately failed due to poor liquidity management an d overuse of short term wholesale funding. Therefore the NSFR appears to have several limitations and should not be used as an appropriate technique to mitigate liquidity risk. For Basel iii to be effective liquidity requirements will need to be set at a high level for all institutions, resulting in a prohibitive cost to the real economy; otherwise the possibility will always exist that a (OECD 2010) systemic liquidity event will exhaust all available liquidity. In such circumstances central bank support is warranted to ensure that systemic liquidity shortages to not morph into large scale solvency problems. A problem so far has been the lack of analysis of a uniform measure of liquidity risk and to the extent to which an institution contributes to this risk. 5. Liquidity Risk Measurements Metrics Including Value-at-Risk (VaR) The analysis of liquidity requires bank management to identify measure and monitor its positions on an on-going basis as well as to examine how funding requirements are likely to evolve under various scenarios including adverse conditions (Cross 2010). However, liquidity is difficult to define and even more difficult to measure (Persaud 2007), due to the underlying variables driving the exposure can be dynamic and unpredictable. Until recently, managing and measuring liquidity risk was rarely seen as a high priority by most banks and financial institutions. Furthermore, no agreement has existed in the international community on the proper measurement of liquidity; hence there was not an integrated measurement tool to cover all dimensions of liquidity risk available to financial institutions. As to liquidity risk metrics in use, it is considered necessary to distinguish between analytical approaches such as VaR, that are focused on assessing potential effects on profitability, li quidity risk models and measures which aims at assessing cash flow projections of assets and liabilities, or the inability to conduct business as a result of a lack or a reduction of secured and unsecured funding capacities and/or liquid assets. Banks generally apply a variety of measurement techniques dependent on the specific type of risk that they want to assess, (e.g. funding liquidity risk, market liquidity risk etc.) Where institutions have adopted quantitative analyses for the assessment of liquidity risk, this approach has tended to be a deterministic (Cross 2010) one, such as static maturity ladders however; in such cases distributions for determining risk exposures are not utilised as scenario analysis is based on user-defined assumptions and resulting estimates therefore produce only a single view of the future. Therefore a more effective alternative is a stochastic approach which has been proven effective for both market and credit risk management. In this framework, (Cross 2010) the future values of risk factors are calculated under a variety of randomly generated scenarios thus producing probability distributions. See Appendix (1) for Stochastic Approaches Thus in reality most markets are less than (Cross 2003) perfectly liquid. If regulators in countries required banks to use VaR models for risk quantification processes the results from such models would produce inaccurate results as (i) there is no estimate of tail risks and losses (ii) difficulties in identifying the non-linear pay-offs characteristics of many complex and structured products (iii) no consistent method of aggregating risks across different asset classes, (iv) concentration on the distribution of portfolio value changes resulting from movements in the mid-price of each asset and (v) separate modelling of asset prices and portfolio size amongst others. Bangia et al (1999) cites that VaR methodology does not distinguish between market risk and liquidity risk, because historical market prices are supposed to embrace latent liquidity effects. Severe critique has been made regarding VaR as a measurement of liquidity risk; whilst it isnt completely appropriate it does still give an insight into the level of risk of an institution. Hence where VaR is insufficient, through the use of stress testing it becomes an adequate compliment (Kotz Gerhrig 2010). Where VaR reflects price behaviour in everyday markets stress testing simulates portfolio performance during abnormal market periods. The CGFS (2005) cites that stress testing is increasingly viewed as a complement to the previously defined VaR rather than as a supplement. Generally two types of stress testing are differentiated, the Scenario tests where the source and the financial risk parameters that are affected by the shock are well defined, and the Sensitivity test in which neither the shock nor the parameters are defined. The BCBS (2008) strongly recommends that regular stress testing of banks is imple mented as it can be helpful in detecting liquidity risk and checking if the current exposure remains in accordance with the banks established risk tolerance. VaR models assumes model conditions as to the unwinding of the position with one trade at a predetermined price equal to the current quoted mid-price, within a fixed period of time and no consideration of the size of the position. Liquidity in the market is connected to a variety of factors (Cross 2003) including the relative size, frequency, traded volumes, and the credit worthiness of the issuer amongst others, thus in order to account for these variables the standard VaR will require an adjustment to incorporate market liquidity and transaction costs into the VaR framework. See Appendix (2) for VaR calculations. 6. Conclusion It is unlikely that there is a single and uniformly best measure of liquidity risk considering the differing natures of financial institutions and their respective funding arrangements. However analysis finds that standard VaR methodology is an inadequate measure of liquidity risk as it does not distinguish between market and liquidity risk and does not take into account the level of risk within a particular institution. Adjusted VaR methods coupled with stress testing have proven to be a compliment which will incorporate liquidity risk into the computation. Other measurement methods such as the SRL model has the benefit of using daily market data and standard risk management methods to interpret individual contributions to systemic risk into a macro-prudential measure. The SRL can produce opportune and forward looking measures of risk of simultaneous liquidity shortfalls in financial institutions (IMF 2011). Alternatively or as a compliment to the SRL the ST framework could be imp lemented, as with other stress testing techniques it captures systemic solvency risk by assessing the vulnerabilities of institutions to a common macro-financial shock, and then adds this to risk of liquidity shortfalls ad assesses transmission of liquidity risk to the rest of the system through their exposures to the interbank market (2011). References Bangia A., Diebold F.H., Schuermann T., Stronghair J.D (1999), Modelling Liquidity Risk with Implications for Traditional Market Risk Measurement and Management, Working Paper, pp. 99-106, Wharton School, Philadelphia. Bardenhewer, M (2007) Modelling Non-maturing Products, in Matz L., Neu P., Liquidity Risk. Measurement and Management. A Practitioners Guide to Global Best Practices, John Wiley Sons, Chichester. Barrel, R et al (2009) Optimal regulation of bank capital and liquidity: how to calibrate new international standards [Online] Available At: https://www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/occpapers/op38.pdf [Last Accessed 29 April 2011]. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, A Framework for Measuring and Managing Liquidity, September 1992. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Sound Practices for Managing Liquidity Risk in Banking Organisations, February 2000. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, The management of liquidity risk in financial groups, Bank for Intern ational Settlement, May 2006. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2011), Principles for Sound Liquidity Risk Management and Supervision. Blanco, C (2010) Financial Liquidity Adequacy [Online] Available at: https://www.blackswanrisk.com/pdf/June04RiskDesk.pdf [Last Accessed 28 April 2011]. Cross, A (2010). The new capital and liquidity proposals- Implications for Banks and their Supervisors [Online] Available at: https://siteresources.worldbank.org/FINANCIALSECTOR/Resources/Session4AndrewCross.pdf [Last Accessed 23 May April 2011]. Dowd K., (2002) Measuring Market Risk, John Wiley Sons, Chichester. ESFRC (2011) Basel III The need for simplicity in capital and liquidity requirements [Online] Available at: https://www2.lse.ac.uk/fmg/events/conferences/2011/financialRegulation_24Jan2011/ESFRC_Statement.pdf [Last Accessed 01 May 2011]. IMF(2011) How to address the systemic part of liquidity risk [Online] Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/gfsr/2011/ 01/pdf/chap2.pdf [Last Accessed 23 May 2011]. Moodys Analytics (2011). Basel III New Capital and Liquidity Standards FAQs [Online] Available at: https://fermat.eu/downloads/basel-iii-faq.pdf [Last Accessed 1 May 2011]. Nier, T Tiesset, M (2005). Liquidity, Banking Regulation and the Macroeconomy [Online] Available at: https://www.bis.org/bcbs/events/rtf05AspachsNierTiesset.pdf [Last Accessed 01 May 2011]. Otker,R, Pazarbasioglu, C (2010), Impact of Regulatory reforms on large and complex financial institutions, Staff position Note no 2010/16 (Washington: International Monetary Fund, November). Reserve Bank of New Zealand (2009) Capital adequacy ratios for banks simplified explanation and example of calculation [Online] Available at: https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~igiddy/articles/capital_adequacy_calculation.pdf [Last Accessed 26 April 2011]. Wignall, A Atkinson, P (2010). Thinking beyond Basel III: Necessary solutions for capital and liquidity [Online] OEDC Journal: F inancial Market Trends Available at: https://hb.betterregulation.com/external/OECD%20-%20Thinking%20beyond%20Basel%20II%20%20Necessary%20Solutions%20for%20Capital%20and%20Liquidity.pdf [Last Accessed 1 May 2011]. Woschnagg, E (2007) ICAAP Implementation in Austrian Banks [Online] Available at: https://www.oenb.at/en/img/fsr_16_special_topics_02_tcm16-95421.pdf [Last Accessed 29 April 2011]. Vento, G La Ganga, P (2009) Bank liquidity risk management and supervision: Which lessons from the recent market turmoil? [Online] Available at: https://www.eurojournals.com/jmib_10_06.pdf [Last Accessed 1 May 2011]. Appendix 1 This approach is expressed in a formula using Cash Flow at Risk (CFaR) as a measure of the maximum expected loss expected as a deviation from the mean, with a confidence interval alpha for a defined holding period: Where ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± is the confidence interval in which the cash flow at risk will not be exceeded by the maximum loss, CF is the cash flow with left tail confidence interval alpha, and is the cash flow in the reference case (typically the mean of the stochastic distribution). From CFaR, a further risk indicator can be drawn, namely the Liquidity at Risk (LaR) which can be defined as the proportion of the available liquidity that remains with the firm after CFaR has been entirely subtracted from the formula: Where available liquidity is defined as the amount of liquidity can be raised with the level of risk aversion of the bank is willing to endure. Another facet of liquidity risk is market risk, it should be noted that in the standard VaR models are typically based on the assumption of normal markets, and also assumes that any quantities of securities can be traded without influencing markets prices

Argumentative Essay on Cursive Writing - 1075 Words

Name: Tutor: Course: Date: Taught more than thirty decades ago, cursive writing has a famed and legendary past. It was once a vital element of American education but is now becoming an archaic artefact as technology advancement and the requirement of more regulated tests push it out of the education system. Cursive writing should be scrapped out of the education system for there is no need of wasting time and resources to continue teaching a skill that won’t be beneficial to the students in the near future. For many students in America, cursive writing is as foreign as the hieroglyphics of the ancient Egypt. In most colleges and universities, more students are increasingly using tablet computers†¦show more content†¦As pointed out by Penny Joy a curriculum coordinator of Plymouth Canton Community Schools, she quotes that â€Å" normally she receives a lot more calls daily with parents asking her why her school continues to teach cursive than calls requiring that more time be devoted to teaching cursive writing†. She continues to say that â€Å"she sees no reason to continue teaching cursive in her school since they don’t have time for it†. They would rather allocate that time and resources to other industrious subjects and projects. â€Å"Handwriting is already suffering a major blowback† says Joanne Jacobson who is a curriculum director of Fraser Public Schools. Cursive may be legible for kids who are below third grade but by the time they reach fifth grade they all have developed their own style of handwriting. With or without learning cursive writing, a child’s handwriting develops for better over the years. One of the excusable reasons given for continued teaching of cursive is speed. Quite honestly, most students’ nowadays don’t use pen and paper for taking notes. Apart from a section of SAT exams, almost all the other papers like term papers, assignments and research papers are presented electronically for marking. Who still presents their assignments in form of handwritten notes? Who still has to worry about speed with all the dynamics of technology such as taking notes on tablets and laptops?

Dream High free essay sample

Maybe it is small, maybe it is lofty, maybe it is simple, maybe it is hard to achieve. But Hip Hop and e. e. cummings tell us never give up your dream. Some lyrics and poems talk about similar things, like talking about achieving dreams; both the lyrics and poems give us inspiration. If we want to dream high, we must try ours’ best. Somebody have a dream, he has a lot of difficulty on the way of seeking the dream, but he has fire in his heart, so he perseveres in his dream and never give up. You don’t say good luck, you say don’t give up. †(The Fire)From the lyrics we can see, make an effort, must depend on yourself. And two old men have dreams, though they are old, but they still seek their dreams. â€Å"Still look dream. †(#12)The poem is similar to the lyrics, It also tells all people have dreams, whoever. We will write a custom essay sample on Dream High or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even an old man, his dream is not ridiculous at all. Dream is not only individual; peace is the common dream of the people. In a peaceful world, all people’s dream flying high. It’s about war, people suffer calamities. Mothers crying too often from they lost child leaving. †(Guns Are Drawn)It’s a lively description about people who lived in war. The war can bring people harm; peace is the common wish of the people. And then it’s about animals was fettered by human. â€Å"Where freedom is compulsory, and only man is god. † (#69)All lifes are equal; there should not be any fight between human and animals. Only if human live with animals in peace, the world will be finer, and dreams fly high. Dream high in Hip Hop and e. e. cummings. In the Fire, a man tries his best to achieve his dream, he is strict with himself, and he never takes notice of other people’s ridicules, why? Because of his dream. And in e. e. cummings #12, two men have their own dreams, though they are old, but they still seek their dreams. So all people have dreams, even old man, if we want dream high, we must try hard. Every single person have dreams, Hip Hop and e. e. cummings tell us, if we want dream high, we must try hard, like the lyrics, â€Å"I dream high I dream a dream When it’s tough I close my eye and The moment my dream comes true continue to recall and get up†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Price Waterhouse free essay sample

Role of firm in mergers acquisitions (MA)industry. Opportunities, financing, accounting, marketing, competition. Companies seeking to maintain growth are faced with several ways of doing so. They can seek to enter new markets or to expand their presence in existing markets. They may choose to acquire companies in industries or markets where they want to compete. They may examine their own business and find synergistic opportunities arising from the skills they already have and the clients they already serve. In the case of Price Waterhouse, one of the nations most prestigious public accounting firms, the opportunity to enter the mergers and acquisitions market by providing management consulting to its clients arose from evaluating its core strengths and market opportunities. This research considers the role that Price Waterhouse has taken on, and offers a marketing plan designed to balance the product mix

Western Ideals Essays

Western Ideals Essays Western Ideals Essay Western Ideals Essay The Western Evils The infiltration of western ideals into the Japanese Culture had forever changed customs and traditions of the Japanese society as a whole. Yet was it as it was stated in a 1941 pamphlet issued by the Japanese Ministry of Education entitled â€Å"The Way of the Subjects. † â€Å"this country has been widely seeking knowledge in the world since the Meiji Restoration, thereby fostering and maintaining the prosperity of the state. With the influx of European and American culture in this country, however, individualism, liberalism, utilitarianism and materialism began to assert themselves, so that the traditional character of the country was much impaired and the virtuous habits and customs bequeathed by our ancestors were affected unfavorably† Had the infiltration of individualism,liberalism,utilitarianism and materialism corrupt the once glorious and honorable society of Japan? Or perhaps had it enlightened their society to a new way of thinking? To answer these questions Id like to give a brief highlight of how women were viewed in Japanese Culture prior to the infiltration of the western ideology. To do so I will be referencing Andrew Gordons book entitled: A Modern History of Japan. To start off Id to address the role of women prior to the infiltration of western ideology. More precisely the the views of the Orthodox in the Tokugawa society, that being that â€Å"women should be kept ignorant and in the kitchen. †[1] However that wasnt the case rather it was that this belief was more to keep women as submissive an obedient . It was further brought out that women worked as managers of farms for the wealthy in addition to their regular household duties. [2] So exactly how did this system change after the infiltration of the western ideology? Well to answer this question Im going to reference Funichiro Tanizakis book entitled: Some Prefer Nettles and Nakano Makikos book entitled: Makikos Diary. When we look upon the example set by Makiko in Nakano Makikos book entitled: Makikos Diary, we can see no change in the sense of a submissive an obedient partner. An example of this can be taken from how Makikos spouse frequently parties and she waits up for him every night. [3] However the change that is displayed by Makiko is that of becoming more materialistic. This can be seen through out the text as she speaks of the gifts that they had received an especially when she talks about the camera that they had came to posses. [4] So what of the example set forth by Funichiro Tanizakis book entitled: Some Prefer Nettles? Well as seen in the beginning of the book Kanames wife Misako was anything but loyal. This is clearly show through the fact that his wife had another lover by the name of Aso. [5] Another theme that found its way through this book as well is the materialistic desires of the people in their society. A picture is painted through the illustration of the prostitute that Kaname goes to see by the name of louise. In the book it speaks of how she has a taste for things western and of course money. [6] Given these examples can it honestly be said that the infiltration of western ideology had corrupted the Japanese Culture? Well as we can clearly see, yes there was a big difference between what was acceptable prior to the infiltration of western ideology, then to as it was after. However to say that it was because of the infiltration of western ideology that made this all come to be is rather a foolish statement. The fact is that these ideologies; individualism, liberalism, utilitarianism and materialism are merely nothing more then human nature. It can honestly be said that with the infiltration of western ideology the Japanese people were allowed to be more free to express themselves more freely then before. Then again I maybe wrong, partly because according to the Japanese Ministry of Education I have been corrupted by these western evils. [1]Andrew Gordon: â€Å"A Modern History of Japan† (Oxford University Press,2009), 32 [2]Gordon, 33 [3]Nakano Makiko, â€Å" Makikos Diary†(Stanford University Press,1982),102 [4]Makiko,150-152 [5]Funichiro Tanizaki, â€Å"Some Prefer Nettles† (First Vintage International Edition,1955),4 [6]Tanizaki,165-171

Suitors of Queen Elizabeth I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Suitors of Queen Elizabeth I - Essay Example Eventually, it was still Elizabeth's word against them when she said that the people's interests were more important. Centuries after the Queen's death, investigations were being done to claim that indeed, there was a secret marriage with two secret sons to boot. One of the sons accordingly was Francis Bacon, a writer turned critic of the Queen. Whether this was true or not, the Francis Bacon Society is promoting the truth of this belief now. In fact, some of the sources used in this paper come from sirbacon.org, a website for Francis Bacon. Queen Elizabeth was born on September 7, 1533, to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII, King of Great Britain.1 The King then had Catherine of Aragon for a wife who could not bear him a son that he changed the course of his country's history to marry Boleyn. Instead, she bore Elizabeth. Eventually, Anne was charged with incest and beheaded on May 19, 1536, before Elizabeth was even three years old. Meanwhile, Elizabeth grew up but is a reminder to Henry of Anne, Elizabeth was sent away from Court.2 From 1534 to 1585 or for a period of 51 long years, dukes, archdukes, princes, knights, and kings courted Elizabeth. The first suitor on record was Charles, Earl of Angouleme, 3 but the nature of such courtship has not been explained. In 1534, Elizabeth was only a year old, having been born in 1533. 4 Elizabeth became queen on November 17, 1558, at the age of 25. 5 Therefore 21 nobles may have courted her before she was ever crowned, and 13 when she became queen.6 Upon the queen's coronation, Felipe II, the King of Spain, instantly became a suitor, taking after his son, Don Carlos, coming ahead by three years in 1556.7. When she was last being wooed in 1585 she was already 52.8 The Queen died on March 24, 1603, at the age of 70 9 having had 34 principal suitors .10 The list of suitors The following list 11 includes only the principal suitors of queen Elizabeth according to period: 1534, Charles, Earl of Angouleme; 1536, Duke of Orleans et de Chtellerault; 1542-1545, Duke of Bourbon, third son of Francois I; - 1538, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria; 1542, a Prince of Portugal; 1543 James Hamilton, Son of James Hamilton, 2 Earl of Arran; 1544, Prince Felipe; 1547, Sir Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley; 1551, Brother of the Duke of Guise; 1551, Alfonso D'Este; 1533-1597, Son of Hercules D'Este Duke of Ferrara; and 1551, Son of Cosimo de' Medici, Duke of Florence; - 1552, Prince Frederick of Denmark; 1553, Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire; 1554 Henry Fitzalan, BaronMaltravers, Son of the Earl of Arundel; 1554, Duque de Segorbe; 1554, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor; 1554, Prince Frederick of Denmark; 1555, Christopher II Zahringen, and 1536, then again in1577, Margrave of Baden; - 1555, Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy; 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden; 1556, Don Carlos (son of Felipe II); 1559, Felipe II; 1559, Prince Eric of Sweden; 1559, Son of Johann Friedrich I, 1556, Duke of Saxony who also tried two years before; 1559, Sir William Pickering; 1559,James Hamilton, 2 Earl of Arran, father of the one who courted the Queen in 1543; - 1559, Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel; 1559, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester; 1560, King Eric XVI of Sweden; 1560, Adolphus of Gottorp, Duke of Holstein and Knight of the Garter;  1560,   King Charles IX of France; 1560,   Henri De Valois, Duke of Anjou.  

Exploring the Violence in Television and Its Effect in Childrens Essay

Exploring the Violence in Television and Its Effect in Childrens Psyche - Essay Example Violent content is 9 percent above average in children's programming, and cartoons are the most violent (Center for Communication and Social Policy, 1998). We are all aware that our daily lives are studded with different types of violence. Social psychologists have asserted that much of our behavior is learned by watching others. And what do children see on TV They are exposed to more violence. This further validates what the children have seen in the neighborhood, it makes violence such normal fare -- everyone's doing it, not just in their neighborhood, but all over world. More than the adults, it is the children that have greater propensity to imitate the things they have watched on television. For them, TV represents violence as an appropriate way to solve interpersonal problems, to get what you want out of life, avenge slight injuries and insults and make up for perceived injustices. How extreme is the problem of violence in television Does it really transmit aggressive behavior to children Does it affect their psychological health This paper will try to tackle the link of TV violence and aggression to young viewers and try to analyze what are the possible solutions that can be done to thwart the incremental effects of violence in television. Two large scale studies--the University of P... They counted the number of violent acts using the definition, "the overt expression of physical force, with or without weapon, against self or other, compelling action against one's will on pain of being hurt or killed, or actually hurting or killing" (Gerbner et al. 1978, p. 179). Furthermore, they required that the violence be plausible and credible, which rules out idle threats, verbal abuse, or comic gestures with no credible violent consequences. The violence may be intentional or accidental. In addition, violent accidents, catastrophes, and acts of nature are included. Signorielli (1990) clarified: Any act that fits the definition, regardless of conventional notions about types of violence that may have "serious" effects, is coded. This includes violence that occurs in realistic, serious, fantasy, or humorous contexts. "Accidental" violence and "acts of nature" are recorded because they are always purposeful in fiction, claim victims, and demonstrate power (p. 89). On the other hand, the NTVS (1996) analyzed more than 10,000 hours of television programming across 23 channels over 3 years using the definition of violence as: An overt depiction of a credible threat of physical force or the actual use of such force intended to physically harm an animate being or group of beings. Violence also includes certain depictions of physically harmful consequences against an animate being or group that occur as a result of unseen violent means (p. 1-48). Their interpretation of violence in media messages is based more on harm to viewers than on harm to media characters. It is known that a very small percentage of violent

Taking Care of Earth Essay Example for Free

Taking Care of Earth Essay One story about water pollution that might have caught the attention of the world is the one put into the movie, Erin Brokovich. The link to the introduction of this story can be found on the following address: http://www. lawbuzz. com/famous_trials/erin_brockovich/erin_brockovich_ch1. htm. The story, which really happened in real life, is more on the litigation process but the truth and the cause of it is the pollution of water with hexavalent chromium or chromium 6 causing stomach cancer. This problem, which was caused by Pacific Gas and Electric company, would have been prevented if it had not dumped 370 ,000,000 galloons of the cancer-causing chemical in the water. These problems are actually being handled at the present on similar situations. Companies become more aware and put environmental aspect on their goals which is both good for the public and for the health of the business itself.. 2. The greatest problem that is caused by the use of oil and other fossil fuels is â€Å"GREED†. With greed, anything is possible. Humans are capable of killing each other to take control of oil wells, take over â€Å"oily† nations and the worst, humans, to have big profits from oil, do not think of the pollution it causes, especially to air and water. It also damage the habitat of ocean creatures when the oil is to be â€Å"rigged† and extracted. Without oil, no one would be too greedy to have it. 3. 1. Growing population causes loss of biodiversity. Biodiversity loss are caused by human settlements displacing plants and animals. Forests are converted into human villages; lands for plants and woods are converted into cities and real estates; dynamite fishing kills water species to provide for human consumption. On the other hand, to feed the growing world, agriculture must be enhanced. Genetic engineering and biotechnology, which are the processes needed for improving food production, cause much loss to biodiversity. â€Å"Agriculture is considered by some agro-ecologists to be probably the single most important factor contributing to the general global decline in biodiversity. † (Biodiversity Loss and Public NA) 3. 2 Ecosystem gets destroyed and becomes imbalanced caused by too many humans on earth. Humans must interfere with the natural ecosystem in order to survive and to support the growing number of lives on earth. Humans cause â€Å"genetic erosion† on plants and animal when humans force greater production and greater frequency of hatching to gain money and feed the earth’s population. 3. 3 Too much population causes too much pollutants. One element that makes the climate change on the earth is the imbalance of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is emitted by pollution and other human activities. Although carbon dioxide is the biggest cause of greenhouse effect, water vapor and methane also cause climate change. Thus, more humans, more garbage, more incinerators, more gases, more climate change damaging the earth.. To reduce the above mentioned effects of growing population on earth, humans must think of sustainable way to exist and to â€Å"continue to exist. † This means reducing pollutants, garbage, protecting the environment and conserve any natural resources possible. This means no dumping garbage or candy wrappers in the drain, recycling of used motor oil, recycling water and everything recyclable, turning off lights and other electrical appliances when not needed. This may sound a bit difficult for the humanity (because humans are not very disciplined) but if humans would encounter big risks on harming the environment, sooner or later, they will realize what is best to do to continue to live on this earth. Sustainable agriculture, sustainable consumption would mean sustainable life on earth! Reference Biodiversity Loss and Public Health;. Manila Bulletin 18 Mar. 2007: NA. Questia. 22 May 2008 http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5019892773.

The Values Americans Live By by Robert Kohls Essay -- essays research

The Values Americans Live By by Robert Kohls In the article The Values Americans Live By by Robert Kohls, he states in the very first paragraph, â€Å"Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you, specifically, what the values are which Americans live by.† This statement is dead on when comparing America to almost any other country. In America there are so many different cultures because families from other countries are coming here in search of a better life. There is a very large diversity of cultures among Americans today. This makes it virtually impossible to have a definitive culture known as American culture. Most families come here to live but essentially still follow many of their cultures from their homeland although even these cultures can become somewhat Americanized. However Kohls does claim there are thirteen values in which most Americans live by.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first value that caught my interest was the value of change and how change is only seen as good in America. In America we are always craving a change for a better life. Nobody wants to work at McDonald’s their whole life just for the stability of a job. We want jobs that make more money so we can buy better cars and better houses. Americans always are seeking something new they always want to see if the grass is greener on the other side of the hill. This is why tradition and heritage are not a value of many Americans because most people can not stick to the same game plan day i...

An Outline of the Cell Theory

Chapter 2 IB Biology 2. 1 Cell Theory 2. 1. 1 Outline the cell theory (2). †¢All organisms are composed of one or more cells †¢Cells are the smallest units of life †¢All cells come from preexisting cells †¢TOK: cell theory replaces the former ideas of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis in which inanimate matter assembles itself into living forms †¢Exception: muscle cells- more than 1 nucleus, very long; (fungal cells) hyphae roots- not a single unit; protoctista- not specialized to single function; subcellular things like organelles 2. 1. Discuss the evidence for the cell theory (3). †¢Robert Hooke first described cells in 1665 while observing cork with a microscope he built. Coined the term â€Å"cell†Antoine van Leeuwenhoek observed the 1st living cells and referred to them as animalcules. â€Å"microscope† †¢In 1838, botanist Mathias Schleiden stated that plants are made of independent separate being called cells. Later, Theoder Schwann made a similar statement about animals. †¢The 2nd principle continues to gain support because we have not been able to find any living entity that is not made of at least one cell. Louis Pasteur in the 1860s performed experiments to support the last principle. After sterilizing chicken broth by boiling, Pasteur showed that living organisms would not ‘spontaneously’ reappear. â€Å"biogenesis† †¢Only after exposure to preexisting cells was life able to re-establish itself in the chicken broth. †¢Eukaryotes- mitosis; prokaryotes- binary fission; thus all cells have a common ancestor- original ancestral form 2. 1. 3State that unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life (1). †¢Functions include: Metabolism- chemical reactions that occur within an organism †¢Growth- may be limited but is always evident in some way †¢Reproduction- hereditary molecules that can be passed to offspring †¢Response- to environment is imperative to survival †¢Homeostasis- maintain a constant internal environment ex: temp †¢Nutrition- provide a source of compounds with many chemical bonds which can be broken to provide the organism with the NRG and the nutrients necessary to maintain life CHNOPS 2. 1. 4 Compare the relative sizes of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells, using the appropriate SI unit (3). Cells- 100 micrometers (plant) †¢Organelles- < 10 micrometers †¢Bacteria- 1 micrometer †¢Viruses- 100 nanometers†¢Membranes- 10 nanometers thick †¢Molecules- 1 nanometer †¢Animal cell- 10 micrometers †¢cm = 10-2 m †¢mm = 10-3 m †¢um = 10-6 m †¢nm = 10-9 m †¢A = 10-10 m 2. 1. 5 Calculate the linear magnification of drawings and the actual size of specimens in images of known magnification (2). †¢Magnification = size of image divided by the size of specimen †¢Magnification = measured length / scale ba r level †¢Actual size = measured length / magnification 2. 1. Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size (3). †¢In the cell, the rate of heat and waste production and rate of resource consumption are functions that depend of its volume. †¢Most of the chemical reactions occur in the interior of the cell and its size affects the rate of these reactions.†¢The surface of the cell, the membrane, controls what materials move in and out of the cell. †¢Cells with more surface are per unit volume are able to move materials in and out of the cell, for each unit volume of the cell. As the width of the object increases, the surface area also increases but at a much slower rate than the volume. †¢This means that a large cell has less surface area to bring in needed materials and to rid the cell of waste than a small cell. †¢Because of this, cells are limited to the size they can attain and still be able to carry ou t the functions of life. Large animals have more cells not larger ones. †¢A large surface area to volume ratio means the cell can act more efficiently: for every unit of volume that requires nutrients or produces waste, there is more membrane to serve it. But this is not always an advantage- cell can lose heat quickly.†¢As organisms grow, cells divide. 2 small cells are more efficient than one. †¢Alveoli in lungs maximize surface for gas exchange. 2. 1. 7 State that multicellular organisms show emergent properties (1). †¢Different things come together to make process †¢Cells-tissues-organs-etc. †¢Ability to reproduce themselves. Allows possibility of growth and for replacement of damaged or dead cells. 2. 1. 8 Explain that cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others (3). Start out as single cell that reproduces at a rapid rate then the resulting cells go through a dif ferentiation (different cells- different functions- to run an organism) process to produce all required cell types that are necessary for organism. †¢Every cell in a multicellular organism contains all the genes of that organism. However, the genes that are activated vary from cell to cell. †¢Differentiation- when we break something complex into its component pieces, they each appear to be simple. Combined, they can perform a whole new function.Cells within a multi cellular organism specialize their function. †¢Examples: muscles cells, cardiac cells †¢This differentiation process is the result of the expression of certain specific genes but not others †¢Genes allow for the production of all different cells in the organism †¢Each cell contains all the genetic info for the production of the complete organism †¢Each cell becomes a specific type of cell dependent of which DNA segment becomes active 2. 1. 9 State that stem cells retain the capacity to d ivide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways (1). Retain ability to divide and differentiate into various cell types †¢Embryonic stem cells retain the ability to form any type of cell in an organism and can even form a complete organism †¢When stem cells divide to form a specific type of tissue, they also produce some cells that remain as stem cells. This allows for the continual production of a particular type of tissue.†¢Pluripotent- give rise to any type of cell †¢Treating diseases? 2. 1. 10 Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells (2). †¢Replace differentiated cells lost due to injury Therapeutic cloning- implanted stem cells replace lost cells †¢Tissue- specific stem cells- these cells reside in certain tissue types and can only produce new cells of that particular tissue †¢For example, stem cells have been introduced to humans to replace the damaged bone marrow of some leukemia patients †¢Bone marrow transplants are one of the many therapeutic uses of stem cells. Stem cells found in the bone marrow give rise to the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in the body. These stem cells can be used in bone marrow transplants to treat people who have certain types of cancer.When a patient has cancer and is given high doses of chemotherapy, the chemotherapy kills the cancer cells but also the normal cells in the bone marrow. This means that the patient cannot produce blood cells. So before the patient is treated with chemotherapy, he or she can undergo a bone marrow harvest in which stem cells are removed from the bone marrow by using a needle which is inserted into the pelvis (hip bone). Alternatively, if stem cells cannot be used from the patient then they can be harvested from a matching donor.After the chemotherapy treatment the patient will have a bone marrow transplant in which the stem cells are transplanted back into the patient through a drip, usually via a vein in the chest or the arm. These transplanted stem cells will then find their way back to the bone marrow and start to produce healthy blood cells in the patient. Therefore the therapeutic use of stem cells in bone marrow transplants is very important as it allows some patients with cancer to undergo high chemotherapy treatment.Without this therapeutic use of stem cells, patients would only be able to take low doses of chemotherapy which could lower their chances of curing the disease. †¢Ethical issues- embryonic stem cells come from embryos obtained from labs doing IVF. involves death of embryo. 2. 2 Prokaryotic Cells 2. 2. 1 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an example of a prokaryote (1). †¢Plasmid is circular thing not on diagram. Refer to book. †¢Size of cell: 1-2 um †¢Absence of membrane bound organelles Prokaryote examples: (look at notes for pictures) †¢straight rod- Escherichia †¢Club shaped rod- corynebacterium â⠂¬ ¢Spore forming rods- bacillus †¢Coccus Staphylococcus 2. 2. 2 Annotate the diagram with the functions of each named structure. †¢Cell wall: Protects the cell from the outside environment and maintains the shape of the cell. It also prevents the cell from bursting if internal pressure rises. †¢Plasma membrane: Semi-permeable membrane that controls the substances moving into and out of the cell. It contains integral and peripheral proteins.Substances pass through by either active or passive transport. †¢Cytoplasm: Contains many enzymes used to catalyze chemical reactions of metabolism and it also contains the DNA in a region called the nucleoid. Ribosomes are also found in the cytoplasm. †¢Pili: Help bacteria adhere to each other for the exchange of genetic material. Involved in transfer of DNA in a process called conjugation (direct contact between bacterial cells in which plasma DNA is transferred between a donor and a recipient cell) †¢Flagella (s ingular flagellum): Made of a protein called flagellin.Helps bacteria move around (mobility) †¢Ribosomes: They are the site of protein synthesis. Contributes to protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA. free in cytoplasm (70s) †¢Nucleoid: Region containing DNA; involved with cell control and reproduction †¢Plasmid- small, circular DNA not connected to main chromosome; replicate independently of chromosomal DNA; not required by cell under normal conditions but it may help the cell adapt to unusual circumstances; normal to find at least one anti-biotic resistance gene within a plasmid †¢Slime capsule- sticky layer outside of cell wall, sticks cells together . 2. 3 Identify structures from 2. 2. 1 in electron micrographs of liver cells (2). 2. 2. 4 State that prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission (1). †¢Binary fission- simple division process in which DNA is copied and 2 daughter chromosomes become attached to different regions on plasma membrane and cell divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Process elongation of cell 2. 3 Eukaryotic Cells 2. 3.1 Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of a liver cell as an example of an animal cell (1). . 3. 2 Annotate the diagram with the functions of each named structure. †¢Ribosomes: Found either floating free in the cytoplasm or attached to the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in mitochondria and chloroplast. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis as they translate messenger RNA to produce proteins. †¢Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Can modify proteins to alter their function and/or destination. Synthesizes proteins to be excreted from the cell. Lysosome: catalyze the breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbs, fuse with old or damaged organelles so recycling can occur, breakdown of materials that are brought in by phagocytosis †¢Golgi apparatus: Receives proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and may further modify t hem. It also packages proteins before the protein is sent to it’s final destination which may be intracellular or extracellular. †¢Mitochondrion: Is responsible for aerobic respiration. Converts chemical energy into ATP using oxygen. †¢Nucleus: Contains the chromosomes and therefore the hereditary material.It is responsible for controlling the cell. Extra: †¢Smooth ER- production of membrane phospholipids can cellular lipids, production of sex hormones, detoxification of drugs in liver, storage of calcium ions needed for muscle contractions, transportation of lipid based compound, to aid in liver in releasing glucose into bloodstream when needed †¢Centrosome- a pair of centrioles at right angles; involved in assembling microtubules which are important in providing structure and allowing movement and cell division †¢Vacuole- storage organelle; store potential food to provide nutrition, metabolic wastes and toxins to be expelled, and ater; enables cells to have a higher surface area to volume ratios even at larger sizes; in plants, uptake of h2o provides rigidity 2. 3. 3 Identify structures from 2. 3. 1 in electron micrographs of liver cells (2). 2. 3. 4 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (3). Prokaryote Eukaryote DNA in a ring form without proteinDNA with proteins as chromosomes/chromatin DNA free in the cytoplasm- no nucleusDNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope No mitochondriamitochondria 70S ribosomes80S ribosomesNo internal compartmentalization to form organellesinternal compartmentalization present to form many types of organelles Size less than 10 micrometersSize more than 10 micrometers †¢also: unicellular vs. multicellular †¢no membrane bound organelles vs. membrane bound organelles †¢binary fission vs. mitosis †¢asexual reproduction vs. asexual and sexual reproduction †¢similarities: both cells have some sort of outside boundary that always involves a plasma membrane, both carry out all fun ctions of life, DNA is present in both . 3. 5 State 3 differences between plant and animal cells (1). Plant Animal Outer cell wall with a plasma membrane just insideOnly a plasma membrane Chloroplasts No chloroplasts Large centrally located vacuolesNo vacuoles/ or small ones Store carbs as starchStore carbs as glycogen Do not contain centrioles within a centrosome areaContain centrioles within a centrosome area Fixed, often angular, shape because of a rigid cell wallCell is flexible and more likely to be a rounded shape . 3. 6 Outline 2 roles of extracellular components (3).†¢The plant cell wall gives the cell a lot of strength and prevents it from bursting under high pressure as it is made up of cellulose arranged in groups called microfibrils. It gives the cell its shape, prevents excessive water up take by osmosis and is the reason why the whole plant can hold itself up against gravity. Prevents entry of pathogens. Allows turgor pressure/ high pressure to develop inside the cell. The animal cell contains glycoproteins in their extracellular matrix (ECM) which are involved in the support, movement and adhesion of the cell. Cell to cell interaction, strengthens plasma membrane, allows attachment between adjacent cells, directs stem cells to differentiate 2. 4. 1 Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of membranes (1). 2. 4. 2 Explain how the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of cell membranes (3). One area of membrane is water soluble and polar and is hydrophilic †¢The other area isn’t water soluble and is non polar- hydrophobic†¢These hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions cause phospholipids to always align as a bilayer if there is water present and there is a large number of phospholipid molecules †¢Membrane is flexible since fatty acid tail do not strongly attract one another †¢What maintains the overall structure of membrane is the tendency water has to form hydroge n bonds †¢In hydrophobic region (fatty acid tails) in animal cells these are cholesterol molecules- determine membrane fluidity (changes temp) †¢Proteins are embedded in fluid matrix of phospholipid bilayer (mosaic effect) †¢Integral proteins have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions in the same protein †¢Hydrophobic region (mid section of phospholipid membrane) holds protein in place †¢Hydrophilic region is exposed to water solutions on either side of membrane †¢Peripheral proteins do not protrude into the middle hydrophobic region but remain bound to the surface of the membrane 2.4. 3 List the functions of membrane proteins (1). †¢Hormone binding sites- have specific shapes that fit shape of specific hormone †¢Enzymatic action- catalyze chemical reactions †¢Cell adhesion- proteins hook together to form connections †¢Cell to cell communication- provide identification †¢Channels for passive transport- high to low concentrati on †¢Pumps for active transport- proteins shuttle a substance from one side of membrane to another by changing shape; ATP 2. 4. 4 Define osmosis and diffusion (1). †¢Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration (hypo-osmotic solution to hyperosmotic solution). †¢Facilitated diffusion- involves a membrane with specific carrier proteins that are capable of combining with the substance to and its movement 2. 4. 5 Explain passive transport across membranes by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion (3). †¢Simple diffusion- substances other than water move between phospholipids molecules or through proteins which possess channels †¢Facilitated diffusion- nonchannel protein carriers change shape to allow movement of substances other than water. No NRG.Polar molecules need help. †¢Substances that move passively across membrane are influenced by size and shape †¢Small substances and nonpolar move with ease; large, polar, or both do not †¢Channel proteins- create a hydrophilic pore in membrane through which small changed particles (ions) can diffuse into cell †¢Transport proteins- help move substances (glucose) into cell. Substrate binds to protein which carries molecules across membrane and releases it inside cell 2. 4. 6 Explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active transport across membranes (3). †¢Active transport involves the movement of substances through the membrane using NRG from ATP.The advantage of active transport is that substances can be moved against the gradient, meaning from low to high concentration †¢This is possible because the cell membrane has protein pumps embedded it which are used in active transport to move substances using ATP †¢E ach protein pump only transports certain substances so the cell can control what comes in and goes out †¢Transport or carrier proteins †¢Ex: Na +/ K + pump. Sodium moved out of cell, potassium moved in (important for nerve cells) 2. 4. 7 Explain how vesicles are used to transport materials within a cell between the rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane (3). †¢Materials are transmitted between rough ER, Golgi app, and plasma membrane †¢Nucleus contains chromosomes that contain genes for coding proteins.RNA passes from nucleus to cytoplasm †¢Rough ER contains ribosomes which make proteins intended for export †¢Protein goes into lumen of Golgi app for processing before it leaves through the cell surface membrane by exocytosis 2. 4. 8 Describe how the fluidity of the membrane allows it to change shape, break and reform during endocytosis and exocytosis (2). †¢The phospholipids in the cell membrane are not solid but are in a fluid state allowin g the membrane to change its shape and also vesicles to fuse with it. †¢This means substances can enter the cell via endocytosis and exit the cell via exocytosis. The membrane then returns to its original state. †¢In exocytosis the vesicles fuse with the membrane expelling their content outside the cell.The membrane then goes back to its original state. Endocytosis is a similar process which involves the pulling of the plasma membrane inward so that a vesicle is pinched off it and then this vesicle can carry its content anywhere in the cell. †¢Cell takes up substance by surrounding it with membrane, ATP †¢2 types: †¢pinocytosis (substance is liquid) †¢phagocytosis (substance is solid) †¢endocytosis and exocytosis- active transport that requires ATP; common in unicellular organisms Summary of processes: ATP requiredConcentration gradient DiffusionNoDown (high to low) Facilitated diffusionNoDown OsmosisNoDown Active transport with carrier proteinsYes Against is possible EndocytosisYesAgainst is possible 2. 5 Cell Division 2. 5. Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis, and cytokinesis (2). †¢The first stage of cell division is interphase which is divided into 3 phases; G1, S and G2. The cell cycle starts with G1 (Gap phase 1) during which the cell grows larger. This is followed by phase S (synthesis) during which the DNA is replicated. Finally, G2 (gap phase 2) is the second growth phase in which organelles increase in number, cell grows and preps for mitosis, DNA begins to condense form chromatin to chromosomes and microtubules begin to form. †¢? The fourth stage is mitosis, which is divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.During mitosis the spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes and pull sister chromatids apart, providing the same genetic material to each of these locations. This stage separates the two daughter genomes. †¢Finally, cytokinesis is the last stage during which the cytoplasm divides to create two daughter cells. In animal cells the cell is pinched in two to form a cleavage furrow while plant cells form a plate between the dividing cells. 2. 5. 2 State that tumors (cancer) are the result of uncontrolled cell division and that these can occur in any organ or tissue (1). †¢Proto-oncogenes are genes that produce proteins, which stimulate growth (cell division). If mutation occurs, a tumor will form. Mutations: radiation, viruses, chemicals that are carcinogenic, EM radiation 2. 5.3 States that interphase is an active period in the life of a cell when many metabolic reactions occur, including protein synthesis, DNA replication, and an increase in the # of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts (1). 2. 5. 4 Describe the events that occur in the 4 phases of mitosis (2). †¢During prophase, chromatin becomes chromosomes, nuclear envelope disintegrates, the spindle microtubules begin to form, centrosomes move toward opposite poles of cell due to lengthening microtubules. Each chromosome consists of 2 identical sister chromatids held together by a centromere. During metaphase, the chromatids move to the equator and the spindle microtubules from each pole attach to each centromere on opposite sides. †¢During anaphase, the spindle microtubules pull the sister chromatids apart splitting the centromeres. This splits the sister chromatids into chromosomes. Each identical chromosome is pulled to opposite poles. Chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate and become unduplicated chromosome†¢During telophase, the spindle microtubules break down and the chromosomes uncoil and so are no longer individually visible. Also the nuclear membrane reforms. Chromosomes become chromatin (shapeless). Centrioles replicate in animal cells. The cell then divides by cytokinesis to form two daughter cells with identical genetic nuclei. 2. 5. Explain how mitosis produces 2 identical nuclei (3). †¢During proph ase, the chromosomes become visible. The nuclear envelope disintegrates and the spindle microtubules grow and extend from each pole to the equator. †¢At metaphase the chromatids move to the equator. The sister chromatids are two DNA molecules formed by DNA replication and are therefore identical.†¢These sister chromatids are then separated in anaphase as the spindle microtubules attaches to centromere and pulls the sister chromatids to opposite poles. As the sister chromatids separate they are called chromosomes. This means that each pole has the same chromosomes (same genetic material). Finally the microtubules break down, the chromosomes uncoil and the nuclear membrane reforms. The cell then divides into two daughter cells with genetically identical nuclei. †¢4 chromosomes in parent cell = 4 chromosomes in each daughter cell †¢duplicated chromosome with 2 strands connected by centromere and chromosome is 1 strand 2. 5. 6 State that growth, embryonic development , tissue repair, and asexual reproduction involve mitosis (1). †¢Growth- production of similar cells †¢Embryonic development- allows zygote to grow into multicellular organism †¢Tissue repair- wounds need identical replacement cells †¢Asexual reproduction- allows for a rapid and significant increase in number of individuals

The Great Gatsby Film and Novel Comparison Essay

The Great Gatsby: Film and Novel Comparison The Great Gatsby is a novel which critically discusses the ideals of the American Dream and recapturing the past. In the film adaptation, producer Jack Clayton stays very closely to the plot and even quotes the novel verbatim but fails to capture the essence of the themes portrayed in the novel. The text did not translate well into film; some facts are distorted, the depiction of the characters are different, the general ambience of certain settings do not match, and the movie is weighted towards the beginning of the book, with half of the movie based closely on the first two chapters of the book. Gatsby Gatsby’s character in the novel is very distinct from his portrayal in the film. In the†¦show more content†¦Aside from her high voice and sarcastic acting, there is not much difference from the novel. Myrtle In the book, Myrtle appeared to be gaudy, impulsive and arrogant. 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